关键词： Self-employment.   United States.   Earnings.   Work satisfaction  

摘要： The self-employed represent about ten percent of the American workforce. Challenges to a fuller understanding of self-employment in the United States include the ability to generalize the results of research studies. These analyses seek to clarify issues surrounding their earnings and work satisfaction. A taxonomy based on industry and occupation codes closes gaps in this knowledge. Perspectives that express the importance of an independent middle class or petty bourgeoisie guide multilevel models that investigate the role self-employment can play in mitigating the effects of structural conditions such as high poverty. Using public use microdata sample data from the American Community Survey, I find that the self-employed are by no means a homogenous group of individuals who are engaged in similar kinds of work, the success of those who best their peers is usually not the result of human capital differences, and the best explanation for these differences must therefore lie in the social networks built by these individuals to improve their businesses over time.

关键词： collaborative peer learning   self and peer assessment   SPARK(PLUS)   teamwork  

摘要： The authors have previously reported the effectiveness of using self and peer assessment to improve learning outcomes by providing opportunities to practise, assess and provide feedback on students' attribute development. Despite this work and the research of others, a significant number of students and, indeed, many academics focus on the free-rider deterrent capability of self and peer assessment, rather than its capacity to provide opportunities for developing judgement and facilitating reflection and feedback to complete the learning cycle. The advent of web-based tools such as SPARK(PLUS) allows the frequent and efficient implementation of self and peer assessment activities even in large classes. This article reports the results of an investigation into whether the regular use of self and peer assessment in different contexts promoted effective peer learning, increased engagement and encouraged students to learn.

关键词： 演员   自雇制度   劳动关系   劳动合同法  

摘要： 近年来,我国演艺事业得到了长足的发展,演出行业也是新人辈出、佳片不断,但是在这样的一个表面繁荣的背后存在着严重的问题,演员的生存环境出现了很多我们不愿意看到的情形,演员在就业过程中出现了人身伤害事件不断增多,人格尊严得不到尊重,求偿途径堵塞等一系列的问题。本文正是基于讨论采用何种方式来解决目前演员在就业过程中出现的问题,在列举和分析现有的几种关于演员就业的调整方式的基础上,结合我国现在演员就业存在的问题和域外对于演员就业调整方式和权益保护,进而提出我国在建立健全演员的就业保护制度的建议。 我国目前对于演员的就业产生的问题应当使用何种的调整方式研究还是比较的少,这个方面的法律制度也是相当的零散,只有国务院和文化部制定的一些关于演员的从业资格,演员职称考试,经纪人制度的规定,以及关于演出市场方面的规定,先前的这些研究和有关法律制度已经远远不能满足目前快速发展的演员就业趋势和其中的问题的解决。 本文主要是采用了列举和比较的方法进行研究,先从我国北京和上海关于演员就业的不同的调整方式说起,对这两个城市对于演员就业的两种调整法师进行比较分析,从中推演出演员的自雇是适合目前演员的就业趋势,然后从演员的概念、特点和就业形势中的推导出目前演员的就业采用的自雇就业的方式优于他雇的就业方式,在接下来的章节当中,对自雇制度进行阐述,分析自雇制度产生的问题进行分析,提出解决办法。然后文章分析了港台和国外在规范演员自雇就业方面的措施——实施行业协会保护演员的就业,在借鉴域外一些成熟制度之后,文章对于我国目前两种调整演员就业的方法进行了利弊分析,得到了自雇制度更加适合演员的就业的结论,文章的最后就如何完善我国目前对于演员就业发一些法律法规提出建议:从总体上制定一部专门规范演员的就业法律,并且在社会保障领域建立健全针对演员自雇就业一套制度,演员的自发组织的行业协会在保护演员的自雇就业方面应当发挥的作用。 本文的创新之处就在于对国内目前没有明确采用的何种调整的的演员就业的情况下,在借鉴和分析域外关于演员的就业一些制度基础上,提出我国目前可以采用的调整演员就业的方式。

关键词： 弱势群体   自雇就业   城市治理   流动商贩  

摘要： 以流动商贩为代表的城市弱势群体自雇就业经济在城市广泛存在,城市治理应当尊重这种经济形式的规律和弱势群体的自雇就业权利。因此,提升城市治理水平应当采取引导和规制的形式,而不是取缔和禁止。本文以流动商贩为例,对城市弱势群体自雇就业经济形式进行了分析,并对城市治理问题提供了相关建议。

关键词： social interactions   spatial models   labor markets   self-employment  

摘要： This paper postulates that self-employment activities in Mexico City are subject to network contagion. This implies that entry-exit in self-employment is affected by other agents' decisions because individuals obtain increasing returns from conformity. In particular, it is claimed that physical proximity is an important component of how social interactions influence self-employment activities in Mexico City.

摘要： This dissertation consists of three chapters studying different issues related to self-employment and entrepreneurship. The first chapter studies the effects of labor market frictions and credit constraints in an economy with self-employment. Two types of self-employed workers emerge in the model: (i) entrepreneurs and (ii) workers using self-employment as a stopgap. I show that labor market frictions generate a motive not to transition into self-employment, by making self-employment a choice that takes time to reverse. At the aggregate level, these frictions also reduce the average size of entrepreneurs' businesses. Meanwhile, even if credit constraints are of particular importance for entrepreneurs, they also affect the stopgap self-employed. When credit constraints are tighter, fewer vacancies are posted, which increases the number of workers using self-employment as a stopgap in equilibrium. In the second chapter, I use data from the PSID to study the characteristics of workers using self-employment as a stopgap while searching for another job, vis-à-vis those of other self-employed workers. The data reveals that stopgap self-employment is relatively high among young workers and those who experienced unemployment. Furthermore, the probability of entering self-employment increases monotonically with wealth for those not using self-employment as a stopgap, while it has an inverted U shape for those using self-employment as a stopgap. I also find that being unemployed increases the probability of becoming stopgap self-employed, but has no effect on the probability of becoming self-employed for other reasons. The third chapter examines the impact of exogenous technological growth on entrepreneurship and unemployment. The model developed in that chapter predicts that in the absence of labor market frictions, technological growth has an effect on entrepreneurship if and only if it affects an entrepreneur's capacity to manage workers. When labor market frictions are pr

关键词： 高校毕业生   自我感知到的可雇佣能力   人格  

摘要： 受社会认知生涯理论的影响,本研究认为大学生在就业过程中自我感知到的能力比实际上被察觉的能力对职业的选择更有影响力。因此把对大学生可雇佣能力的研究重点转移到其自我感知到的可雇佣能力上,分三部分对毕业生自我感知到的可雇佣能力及其与人格的关系进行研究。 研究一,运用标准化心理测评问卷编制方法自编了《高校毕业生自我感知到的可雇佣能力调查问卷》,对1100名高校应届毕业生进行调查,对获取的数据进行多元统计分析,结果表明:高校毕业生自我感知到的可雇佣能力结构是由3个维度,10个因子和60个题项组成的。即自我感知到的工作态度和个人特质维度包括自我感知到的工作态度、抗压性、团队合作能力3个因子;自我感知到的自我推销和职业生涯管理维度包括自我感知到的学习能力、职业规划能力、求职与自我推销能力、创新能力、领导能力5个因子;自我感知到的专业知识及其应用能力维度包括自我感知到的解决问题的能力、专业知识和技术2个因子。经检验本量表具有较好的信度和效度,所以本量表可以作为测量高校毕业生自我感知到的可雇佣能力的有效工具。 研究二,运用《高校毕业生自我感知到的可雇佣能力问卷》对900名大学生进行调查,讨论高校毕业生自我感知到的可雇佣能力的现状及性别、学校类型、专业类别等人口统计学变量对其的影响。结果表明:(1)自我感知到的可雇佣能力在各因子上有一些差异,最高分是对工作态度的自我评价,最低分是对职业规划能力的自我评价,且各因子均值之间存在显著差异。(2)从整体上看,高校毕业生自我感知到的可雇佣能力在性别、学校类型、专业性质、出生所属区域、生源地、家庭经济情况上没有显著差异。但自我感知到的工作态度和学习能力这两个因子在性别、学校类型和专业性质上存在显著差异。(3)学生干部、实习工作情况:整体上存在显著差异。 研究三,运用以Costa等人的大五人格模型为基础编制的大五人格问卷简化版对900名毕业生进行调查,以分析大学生人格与自我感知到的的可雇佣能力之间的关系。结果表明:(1)适应性、社交性、利他性、道德感与自我感知到的可雇佣能力存在显著正相关;开放性与其存在正相关,但不显著。(2)大五人格对自我感知到的可雇佣能力具有预测作用,且五种人格特质对自我感知到的可雇佣能力各维度起不同程度的预测作用。

关键词： 零就业家庭   自雇就业政府   对策  

摘要： 解决城乡家庭零就业问题,自雇就业是行之有效的途径。自雇就业一直以来处于自发状态,在发展中面临着许多问题。必须依靠政府的力量去创造就业环境、条件,帮助城乡零就业家庭走自雇就业之路。

关键词： 非自雇型灵活就业者   营业税及附加   非公平待遇  

摘要： 税收公平是税制建设最重要的原则之一,但是,目前我国营业税及其附加针对应税劳务的规定,使得非自雇型灵活就业者的税收负担超过了正规就业者。这种非公平的税收待遇带来了一系列的负面影响。因此,建议取消对个人提供劳务征收营业税及附加的税收规定,以体现税收公平,促进灵活就业,缓解我国就业紧张形势,促进和谐社会的建设。

关键词： 非自雇型灵活就业者   税收环境   改革建议  

摘要： 文章通过实证分析得出结论:非自雇型灵活就业人群在现行税收制度中遭受了非公平待遇。认为这对促进中国灵活就业发展,缓解就业紧张形势是十分不利的;同时也违背了税收促进社会收入公平分配的要求,不利于促进和谐社会的建设。建议:1.取消对劳务报酬征收营业税及附加的税收规定;2.将劳务报酬所得与工资薪金所得合并,统一征收个人所得税。从而为非自雇型灵活就业人群建立一个公平、公正的税收环境,以促进非自雇型灵活就业的发展。