关键词： Water quality parameters   Machine learning   WDT-ANFIS  

摘要： In any aquatic system analysis, the modelling water quality parameters are of considerable significance. The traditional modelling methodologies are dependent on datasets that involve large amount of unknown or unspecified input data and generally consist of time-consuming processes. The implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) leads to a flexible mathematical structure that has the capability to identify non-linear and complex relationships between input and output data. There has been a major degradation of the Johor River Basin because of several developmental and human activities. Therefore, setting up of a water quality prediction model for better water resource management is of critical importance and will serve as a powerful tool. The different modelling approaches that have been implemented include: Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBF-ANN), and Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLP-ANN). However, data obtained from monitoring stations and experiments are possibly polluted by noise signals as a result of random and systematic errors. Due to the presence of noise in the data, it is relatively difficult to make an accurate prediction. Hence, a Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (WDT-ANFIS) based augmented wavelet de-noising technique has been recommended that depends on historical data of the water quality parameter. In the domain of interests, the water quality parameters primarily include ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), suspended solid (SS) and pH. In order to evaluate the impacts on the model, three evaluation techniques or assessment processes have been used. The first assessment process is dependent on the partitioning of the neural network connection weights that ascertains the significance of every input parameter in the network. On the other hand, the second and third assessment processes ascertain the most effectual input that has the potential to construct the models using a single and a combinatio

关键词： low-frequency sensor   power transformer   machine learning   low-frequency noise   classification  

摘要： This paper proposes a method of automatically detecting and classifying low frequency noise generated by power transformers using sensors and dedicated machine learning algorithms. The method applies the frequency spectra of sound pressure levels generated during operation by transformers in a real environment. The spectra frequency interval and its resolution are automatically optimized for the selected machine learning algorithm. Various machine learning algorithms, optimization techniques, and transformer types were researched: two indoor type transformers from Schneider Electric and two overhead type transformers manufactured by ABB. As a result, a method was proposed that provides a way in which inspections of working transformers (from background) and their type can be performed with an accuracy of over 97%, based on the generated low-frequency noise. The application of the proposed preprocessing stage increased the accuracy of this method by 10%. Additionally, machine learning algorithms were selected which offer robust solutions (with the highest accuracy) for noise classification.

关键词： Elements   Amines   Ionization   Nitrogen   Mathematical methods  

摘要： The acid-base dissociation constant, pK(a), is a key parameter to define the ionization state of a compound and directly affects its biopharmaceutical profile. In this study, we developed a novel approach for pK(a) prediction using rooted topological torsion fingerprints in combination with five machine learning (ML) methods: random forest, partial least squares, extreme gradient boosting, lasso regression, and support vector regression. With a large and diverse set of 14 499 experimental pK(a) values, pK(a) models were developed for aliphatic amines. The models demonstrated consistently good prediction statistics and were able to generate accurate prospective predictions as validated with an external test set of 726 pK(a) values (RMSE 0.45, MAE 0.33, and R-2 0.84 by the top model). The factors that may affect prediction accuracy and model applicability were carefully assessed. The results demonstrated that rooted topological torsion fingerprints coupled with ML methods provide a promising approach for developing accurate pK(a) prediction models.

关键词： Ultrasound-guided needle insertion   Simulation-based training   Medical education   Objective skill assessment  

摘要： Objective Currently, there is a worldwide shift toward competency-based medical education. This necessitates the use of automated skills assessment methods during self-guided interventions training. Making assessment methods that are transparent and configurable will allow assessment to be interpreted into instructional feedback. The purpose of this work is to develop and validate skills assessment methods in ultrasound-guided interventions that are transparent and configurable. Methods We implemented a method based upon decision trees and a method based upon fuzzy inference systems for technical skills assessment. Subsequently, we validated these methods for their ability to predict scores of operators on a 25-point global rating scale in ultrasound-guided needle insertions and their ability to provide useful feedback for training. Results Decision tree and fuzzy rule-based assessment performed comparably to state-of-the-art assessment methods. They produced median errors (on a 25-point scale) of 1.7 and 1.8 for in-plane insertions and 1.5 and 3.0 for out-of-plane insertions, respectively. In addition, these methods provided feedback that was useful for trainee learning. Decision tree assessment produced feedback with median usefulness 7 out of 7;fuzzy rule-based assessment produced feedback with median usefulness 6 out of 7. Conclusion Transparent and configurable assessment methods are comparable to the state of the art and, in addition, can provide useful feedback. This demonstrates their value in self-guided interventions training curricula.

关键词： deep learning   machine learning   monitoring crop landscapes   remote sensing   N5   Q1  

摘要： This article provides an overview of how recent advances in machine learning and the availability of data from earth observing satellites can dramatically improve our ability to automatically map croplands over long periods and over large regions. It discusses three applications in the domain of crop monitoring where machine learning (ML) approaches are beginning to show great promise. For each application, it highlights machine learning challenges, proposed approaches, and recent results. The article concludes with discussion of major challenges that need to be addressed before ML approaches will reach their full potential for this problem of great societal relevance.

关键词： Water absorption   Machine learning   Feature selection   Dynamic time warping (DTW)   Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)  

摘要： The sedimentary rhythm of Chinese oilfields is complicated and the heterogeneity is extremely strong. Allocating water absorption of each sublayer by dividing coefficient or numeric simulation cannot accurately reflect the actual water injection of the reservoir. Calculation based on water absorption profile monitored on site is the most commonly used method in oil field. However, access to these type of data is limited due to its cost and time related to acquisition. In this study, a machine learning approach was adopted to predict water absorption in sublayer based on geologic and production parameters of injectors and producers. On the one hand, it can save test costs. On the other hand, it can continuously predict water absorption of sublayers, and make up for water injection wells with insufficient injection profiles. A handful of training observations are obtained from on-site monitoring. Interwell connectivity is first conducted to identify connected producers for injectors. Introducing interwell connectivity helps to constitute predictor variables and yield significant improvements in feature selection. Connectivities in the well group are represented by similarity between injection sequence and production sequence, which is computed by Dynamic Time Warping. Average importance of predictors are then measured based on Mean Decrease Impurity, Mean Decrease Accuracy, and Ridge regression. Some relative important features are selected to consist the final predictors. The Extreme Gradient Boosting model is developed and then trained for making predictions given any set of observations. The proposed approach is validated by using actual field case from SL oilfield, China. Results show a significant correlation between predictions and actual value from on-site monitoring.

关键词： boredom   machine learning   emotion   EEG   GSR   classification   sensor  

摘要： In recent years, affective computing has been actively researched to provide a higher level of emotion-awareness. Numerous studies have been conducted to detect the user's emotions from physiological data. Among a myriad of target emotions, boredom, in particular, has been suggested to cause not only medical issues but also challenges in various facets of daily life. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have used electroencephalography (EEG) and galvanic skin response (GSR) together for boredom classification, although these data have potential features for emotion classification. To investigate the combined effect of these features on boredom classification, we collected EEG and GSR data from 28 participants using off-the-shelf sensors. During data acquisition, we used a set of stimuli comprising a video clip designed to elicit boredom and two other video clips of entertaining content. The collected samples were labeled based on the participants' questionnaire-based testimonies on experienced boredom levels. Using the collected data, we initially trained 30 models with 19 machine learning algorithms and selected the top three candidate classifiers. After tuning the hyperparameters, we validated the final models through 1000 iterations of 10-fold cross validation to increase the robustness of the test results. Our results indicated that a Multilayer Perceptron model performed the best with a mean accuracy of 79.98% (AUC: 0.781). It also revealed the correlation between boredom and the combined features of EEG and GSR. These results can be useful for building accurate affective computing systems and understanding the physiological properties of boredom.

关键词： Machine learning   Neuroimaging   Regression algorithms   Reproducibility  

摘要： Machine learning is increasingly being applied to neuroimaging data. However, most machine learning algorithms have not been designed to accommodate neuroimaging data, which typically has many more data points than subjects, in addition to multicollinearity and low signal-to-noise. Consequently, the relative efficacy of different machine learning regression algorithms for different types of neuroimaging data are not known. Here, we sought to quantify the performance of a variety of machine learning algorithms for use with neuroimaging data with various sample sizes, feature set sizes, and predictor effect sizes. The contribution of additional machine learning techniques - embedded feature selection and bootstrap aggregation (bagging) - to model performance was also quantified. Five machine learning regression methods - Gaussian Process Regression, Multiple Kernel Learning, Kernel Ridge Regression, the Elastic Net and Random Forest, were examined with both real and simulated MRI data, and in comparison to standard multiple regression. The different machine learning regression algorithms produced varying results, which depended on sample size, feature set size, and predictor effect size. When the effect size was large, the Elastic Net, Kernel Ridge Regression and Gaussian Process Regression performed well at most sample sizes and feature set sizes. However, when the effect size was small, only the Elastic Net made accurate predictions, but this was limited to analyses with sample sizes greater than 400. Random Forest also produced a moderate performance for small effect sizes, but could do so across all sample sizes. Machine learning techniques also improved prediction accuracy for multiple regression. These data provide empirical evidence for the differential performance of various machines on neuroimaging data, which are dependent on number of sample size, features and effect size.

关键词： SEER数据库   乳腺癌   Logistic回归   决策树   预后因素  

摘要： 目的以SEER数据库中1990—2014年间的乳腺癌数据为研究对象,利用机器学习方法,分析乳腺癌的预后因素,辅助医师对患者的预后进行有效评判。方法根据临床医师的建议,筛选了12个字段作为模型输入字段,以术后5年生存状况作为模型输出字段。首先利用单因素统计分析方法初步筛选预后因素,再分别利用logistic回归和决策树两种机器学习分类算法进行建模分析,藉此寻找影响乳腺癌5年预后的因素。采用十折交叉法组织样本数据,并利用过抽样和欠抽样技术进行样本的平衡处理;以灵敏度、特异度及ROC下的AUC等参数作为模型的评价指标。结果在12个模型输入字段中,肿瘤分期、肿瘤分级、肿瘤尺寸、雌激素水平、年龄分组、孕激素水平等因素对于乳腺肿瘤预后具有较大影响;在此两种模型下,模型测试集上的灵敏度和特异度均介于74.2%~78.2%之间,AUC均处于0.838~0.850之间。结论利用Logistic回归和决策树算法构建乳腺癌患者的优化预后模型,可辅助医师判断患者预后情况及治疗效果。