关键词： Animals   Bile   Bile Acids and Salts/blood   Biliary Tract/anatomy & histology   Cholecystography   Diet   Enterohepatic Circulation   Humans   Pressure   Specimen Handling/methods   Specimen Handling/methods   Ultrasonography  

摘要： Difficulties in obtaining proper bile samples are due to inaccessibility of the biliary tree and to distortions induced by sampling methods. One must be cognizant of the effects of diet on bile secretion and gallbladder motility. Experimental methods which interrupt the enterohepatic circulation or alter the intestinal migrating myoelectric complex induce spurious changes in bile flow and composition. Biliary tract pressure‐flow relationships must be maintained or the gallbladder will be made functionless. Dead space errors lead to distortions unless studies are performed in the steady state, or dead space is measured and corrections are applied. Surgery has major effects on some parameters of interest, and animals should be allowed to recover when these are studied. The effect of the mixing of bile with other secretions in the duodenum must be considered when using bile‐rich duodenal fluid. For some parameters of bile secretion, mixing is unimportant but for others, special precautions for handling bile and interpreting results are required.

关键词： 奠柏   动物   枝条  

摘要： 印度尼西亚爪哇岛上,有一种奇怪的树名叫'奠柏'。它身上有许多长长的枝条,有的拖在地上,人、畜如果碰上了它,枝条就会紧紧缠起来,使人畜不能脱身,这时树

关键词： 灵长目   食虫目   幼仔   实验动物  

摘要： 树鼩(Tupaia,英文名 Tree shrew)在国际上被通俗地称之为树仙(Tupaia glis)。自从1922年开始对它进行研究以来,只要提到树鼩,就会引起分类学上的争论。虽然在1978年出版的《辞海》上,仍把它为食虫目(Insectivora),但是,大多数人认为树鼩是在大约第三纪,从食虫目的向灵长目演化过程中,幸存保留至今的少数几小灵长目的原宗,属灵长目 Primates,原猿亚目 Prosimii,树鼩下目 Tuparformes 的树鼩科Tupaiodes。下分2亚科6属47个种和约100个亚种,

关键词： 实验动物   医学科研   猩猩   猴子   灵长类   动物学家   新星   恒星  

摘要： 提起灵长类动物,当然为人们所熟悉的是猴子,猩猩等。随着人类活动和科学实践的不断发展,猴子的用途越来越广泛。由于它们的生理特点同人类十分相似,因此一直是医学科研上十分理想的实验动物。近年来,由于科学事业的发展,对猩猩和猴子的用量与日俱增,全世界每年要用十万只以上,所以,它们的价格飞快上涨。目前,拥有灵长类动物的国家为了保护这一宝贵的动

关键词： Leguminous Tree   Somatic Embryoid  

关键词： Tupaia   Cholesterol metabolism   Lithogenic diet   CDCA (chenodeoxycholic acid)  

摘要： Metabolic reactions to the increased intake of cholesterol (CH) were studied in ten tupaias (Tupaia belangeri Baf:BIAS, tree shrews), fed a lithogenic diet containing 20% fat and 2% CH. The feeding period was 4 months. Twelve animals on standard diet served as *** CH content was determined in serum, bile, liver, heart, skin, kidney, muscle, jejunum, ileum, and in the total body. In vitro synthesis rates of CH were measured in the liver and in different parts of the *** animals fed the lithogenic diet, serum CH values exceeded those of controls by a factor of 2. However, of all organs examined only the liver showed a rise in the CH content. In hepatic bile, CH values were 14 times higher than in the *** synthesis of CH was suppressed to 7% of the rate in animals on standard diet. In the jejunum, CH synthesis rates were 44%, and in the ileum 15% of those determined in *** is concluded that the administration of a high CH diet induces a feedback mechanism which lowers the production of CH in the liver and small intestine. However, this adaptation does not prevent the rise of CH in serum, liver, and bile which finally results in the formation of gallstones in the *** acid (CDCA), added to the lithogenic diet in a daily dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) in five animals, produced an additional significant increase in the hepatic CH content compared to the animals fed the lithogenic diet without CDCA. Other parameters did not differ between the two groups fed the lithogenic diet with and without CDCA.

关键词： Tupaia   Animal model   Gallstones   Lithogenic diet   Cholesterol  

摘要： The lipid composition of bile obtained from the gallbladder and from the liver of tupaias was determined. Compared to the gallbladder bile of man, the gallbladder bile of tupaias contains the same percentage of phospholipids (PL), 1/3 of the cholesterol (CH), and 50% more total bile acids (TBA). The lithogenic index (LI) of the bile is about 0.2-0.3. No significant sex differences or diurnal variations are found in the composition of bile. The concentration of PL, CH, and TBA is 5 to 8 times higher in the gallbladder bile than in the liver bile. The bile acid spectrum in tupaias equals that in man qualitatively and is similar quantitatively. In a feeding experiment, the influences of butter, cholesterol, butter plus cholesterol and sucrose on bile composition, clinicochemical serum values, and liver and gallbladder histology were studied. Groups of 6 animals each were fed the different diets over a 10 wk period. In group A (20% butter added to the standard diet) PL content was higher, while the LI was unchanged. In group B (2% cholesterol added to the standard diet) the CH value and the LI were elevated, and CH crystals but no stones were found. In group C (2% cholesterol and 20% butter in the standard diet) some formation was observed. PL and CH values were higher than in groups A and B, TBA values were lower. In group D (50% sucrose added to the standard diet) very low PL and TBA values were determined in the liver bile, resulting in elevated LI. All 3 components of a diet which had proven lithogenic in a preceding experiment contribute to gallstone formation.

关键词： Animals   Beetles   Chromosomes   Diploidy   Evolution   Genetic Variation   Genetics, Population   Genotype   Meiosis   Parthenogenesis   Polymorphism, Genetic   Polyploidy   Polyploidy  

摘要： Genic variation within diploid bisexual and diploid and triploid parthenogenetic populations of P. mollis was studied by starch gel electrophoresis. The diploid bisexual samples originate from Yugoslavia, the diploid parthenogenetic samples, numbering 69 individuals, were collected from Finland and Sweden. Forty-eight triploid parthenogenetic individuals were collected from central Europe. A total of 21 different overall genotypes were found in the parthenogenetic samples. Seven genotypes occur in more than 1 population. Parthenogenesis and polyploidy are a monophyletic condition in P. mollis. Even though the species can fly, its parthenogenetic populations are diverged into numerous genotypes. This is probably due to the stringent ecological requirements of the species, enhancing the isolation between populations. These genotypes have different geographic distributions.

摘要： The isolation and characterisation of two fish attractants, a new dipeptide (Arcamine, hypotauryl-2-carboxyglycine),1 and Strombine (C-methyl-imino diacetic acid),2 are described.