关键词： 雕塑   单簧管   北京   学习   田树民   石雕  

摘要： 田树民,1956年生,北京人,自幼随父学习绘画,尤喜动物与音乐,先拜解放军军乐团单簧管演奏家张进才学习单簧管,后从吾学习石雕。树民青年时期在北京动物园供职,与鸟兽虫鱼结下不解之缘。

关键词： 古脊椎动物   化石证据   树栖   恐龙   中国科学院   古生物学家   早白垩世   相对位置  

摘要： 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的周忠和发现：刚披上羽毛的恐龙可以飞上树．因为它们能逮食树栖动物。那是1.2亿年前的一只小盗龙，古生物学家在我国辽宁早白垩世的地层中发现了它的化石。在它的腹部，竟然保存了一件不完整的树栖动物残骸。从骨骼化石的保存特点和相对位置推测，该动物很可能是被小盗龙活捉了吞下肚子的。这件标本解开了一些谜团：这只已经成年的小动物残存下了两只脚，从脚趾看，属于典型的树栖类动物，

关键词： Alien herbivorous mammals   Angiosperm flora   Casuarina equisetifolia   Oceanic island   Vegetation change  

摘要： Insular ecosystems can be dramatically affected by alien species, and records of pre-eradication status are essential to evaluate the effects of eradicating alien species. Nishi-jima Island is a small island of the Ogasawara group on which the first program of complete eradication of alien herbivorous mammals (black rats and feral goats) will be conducted. After eradication, the government plans to conduct ecosystem restoration on the island. This paper reports the angiosperm flora and vegetation of Nishi-jima Island before eradication of the rats and goats, with the objective of aiding ecosystem management after the eradication. Our surveys indicate that vegetation cover by the alien tree, Casuarina equisetifolia has expanded compared with its distribution in a 1974 aerial photograph of the island. The predominant vegetation in 2006 was C. equisetifolia forests and Zoysia tenuifolia grasslands, with fragmented native tree vegetation. The flora of the island comprised 69 angiosperm species (50 indigenous species) of which 30% were endemic, far less than for the Ogasawara Islands as a whole (45%). However, several populations of endangered plants remain. To restore the native ecosystem on Nishi-jima, eradication of C. equisetifolia is important in addition to eradication of alien herbivorous mammals.

关键词： Herbivores   Fire   Savanna   State transition   Gradient  

摘要： The tree-grass co-existence in savannas involves multiple and sometimes connected biogeophysical conditions. The savanna domain, its boundaries, and transitions (gradual or abrupt) to other vegetation types (i.e., grassland or forest) are fundamental for the management of ecosystems and for preserving the biodiversity in present conditions and in future changing scenarios. Here we investigate the savanna domain within grazers-fire and browsers-fire parameter planes through a simple ecohydrological model of tree-grass-soil water dynamics. Stability maps allow to identify savanna domains and to show the behavior of vegetation under increasing pressure of grazing and browsing. Stability maps shed light on the causes behind possible vegetation abrupt transitions (e.g., forest collapse and bush encroachment). An application to 15 African savannas sites is presented and discussed with the support of a local sensitivity analysis of the model's parameters. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Abundance index   Endemicity index   Guilds   Rarity index   Sansa  

摘要： Invertebrates include more than 80% of all animals, yet they are severely under-represented in studies of southern African diversity. Site biodiversity estimates that ignore invertebrates, not only omit the greatest part of what they are attempting to measure, but also neglect major contributors to essential ecosystem processes. All available information on spider species distribution in the South African Savanna Biome was compiled. This is the largest biome in the country, occupying over one third of the surface area. A total of 23 739 records from 1260 localities were recorded in the South African Savanna Biome until the end of 2010. This included 1230 species represented by 381 genera and 62 families. The last decade has seen an exponential growth in the knowledge of the group in South Africa, but there certainly are several more species that have to be discovered, and the distribution patterns of those listed are partly unknown. Information is summarised for all quarter-degree squares of the biome and reveals considerable inequalities in knowledge. At a large scale the eastern region is much better surveyed than the western parts, but at finer scales throughout the region, several areas have little information. The Salticidae is the most diverse family (162 spp.) and also has the most endemic savanna species (42 spp.). An endemicity index indicates that 366 species are endemic to the biome, with 322 species that are near endemics, i.e., also occurring in an adjacent biome. An abundance index (1–3) was also calculated for each species based on numbers sampled. A rarity index for each species gives a preliminary indication of their conservation importance. Patterns of guild composition are summarised and species known to play a role as predators in agro-ecosystems found within the biome are also discussed. © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

关键词： Acer saccharum   Eriophyoid mite   Galls   Herbivory   Ontogeny   Gas-exchange  

摘要： Mature forest canopies sustain an enormous diversity of herbivorous arthropods;however, with the exception of species that exhibit large-scale outbreaks, canopy arthropods are thought to have relatively little influence on overall forest productivity. Diminutive gall-inducing mites (Acari;Eriophyoidae) are ubiquitous in forest canopies and are almost always highly host specific, but despite their pervasive occurrence, the impacts of these obligate parasites on canopy physiology have not been examined. We have documented large declines in photosynthetic capacity (approx. 60%) and stomatal conductance (approx. 50%) in canopy leaves of mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum) trees frequently galled by the maple spindle gall mite Vasates aceriscrumena. Remarkably, such large impacts occurred at very low levels of galling, with the presence of only a few galls (occupying approx. 1% of leaf area) compromising gas-exchange across the entire leaf. In contrast to these extreme impacts on the leaves of adult trees, galls had no detectible effect on the gas-exchange of maple saplings, implying large ontogenetic differences in host tolerance to mite galling. We also found a significant negative correlation between canopy tree radial increment growth and levels of mite galling. Increased galling levels and higher physiological susceptibility in older canopy trees thus suggest that gall-inducing mites may be major drivers of "age-dependent" reductions in the physiological performance and growth of older trees.

关键词： endangered species   marsupial   mean kinship   microsatellite markers   mtDNA control region   Papua New Guinea  

摘要： Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) is an endangered species that has been bred in captivity since the 1970s. In 1992, the Tree Kangaroo Species Survival Plan (R) (TKSSP) was established to coordinate the captive management of Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) D. matschiei. The TKSSP makes annual breeding recommendations primarily based on the mean kinship (MK) strategy. Captive breeding programs often use the MK strategy to preserve genetic diversity in small populationsto avoid the negative consequences of inbreeding and retain their adaptive potential. The ability of a captive breeding program to retain the population's genetic diversity over time can be evaluated by comparing the genetic diversity of the captive population to wild populations. We analyzed DNA extracted from blood and fecal samples from AZA (n = 71), captive (n = 28), and wild (n = 22) D. matschiei using eight microsatellite markers and sequenced the partial mitochondrial DNA control region gene. AZA D. matschiei had a similar expected heterozygosity (He = 0.595 +/- 0.184) compared with wild D. matschiei (He = 0.628 +/- 0.143), but they had different allelic frequencies (FST = 0.126;P<0.001). AZA D. matschiei haplotype diversity was almost two times lower than wild D. matschiei (). These data will assist management of AZA D. matschiei and serve as a baseline for AZA and wild D. matschiei genetic diversity values that could be used to monitor future changes in their genetic diversity. Zoo Biol 30:636646, 2011. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： 白马人   山、树和动物崇拜   万物有灵   生态意蕴  

摘要： 山、树和动物崇拜是白马民间信仰的重要内容,在白马人精神世界占有重要地位。极为不利于农业生产的生存环境加剧了白马人对山、树和动物等生存资源的依赖,而正是这一依赖孕育了白马人山、树和动物崇拜意识。虽然,在白马人的山、树和动物崇拜的具体实践中从未提及"环境意识"这一概念,但它所蕴含的丰富的生态思想客观上具有保护生态环境的重要作用。

关键词： Biodiversity   biogeography   biotic elements   conservation biogeography   distribution patterns   open areas   reptiles   South American savanna  

摘要： Aim To test predictions of the vicariance model, to define basic biogeographical units for Cerrado squamates, and to discuss previous biogeographical hypotheses. Location Cerrado;South American savannas south of the Amazon, extending across central Brazil, with marginal areas in Bolivia and Paraguay and isolated relictual enclaves in adjacent regions. Methods We compiled species occurrence records via field sampling and revision of museum specimens and taxonomic literature. All species were mapped according to georeferenced locality records, and classified as (1) endemic or non-endemic, (2) typical of plateaus or depressions, and (3) typical of open or forested habitats. We tested predictions of the vicariance model using biotic element analysis, searching for non-random clusters of species ranges. Spatial congruence of biotic elements was compared with putative areas of endemism revealed by sympatric restricted-range species. Effects of topographical and vegetational mosaics on distribution patterns were studied according to species composition in biotic elements and areas of endemism. Results We recorded 267 Cerrado squamates, of which 103 (39%) are endemics, including 20 amphisbaenians (61% endemism), 32 lizards (42%) and 51 snakes (32%). Distribution patterns corroborated predictions of the vicariance model, revealing groups of species with significantly clustered ranges. An analysis of endemic species recovered seven biotic elements, corroborating results including non-endemics. Sympatric restricted-range taxa delimited 10 putative areas of endemism, largely coincident with core areas of biotic elements detected with endemic taxa. Distribution patterns were associated with major topographical and vegetational divisions of the Cerrado. Endemism prevailed in open, elevated plateaus, whereas faunal interchange, mostly associated with forest habitats, was more common in peripheral depressions. Main conclusions Our results indicate that vicariant speciation has stro

关键词： FOSSILS   MOLECULAR biology   EVOLUTION (Biology)   CALIBRATION   PHYLOGENY   DIVERGENCE (Biology)   PROBABILITY theory  

摘要： Lee, M. S. Y. & Skinner, A. (2011). Testing fossil calibrations for vertebrate molecular trees. —Zoologica Scripta, 40, 538–543.