关键词： Emissions Reduction Fund   Soil carbon   No-tillage   Environmental plantings   Crop rotation   Carbon Farming Initiative  

摘要： The cropping sector in Australia contributes 2.5% of national greenhouse gas emissions, not accounting for the historical loss of soil carbon. The Australian Government is developing policy initiatives targeted at farmers to encourage changes in management practices that aim to reduce emissions from the agricultural sector. The main policy proposal being developed is a market-based mechanism to pay farmers from an Emissions Reduction Fund using methodologies specified under the Australian Carbon Farming Initiative. The adoption of conservation agriculture practices in the dryland grain sector in Australia shows the potential to achieve emissions reductions in the order of three million tCO(2)e annually. This paper presents a series of systems models that describe the process of how Australian dryland grain farmers decide to change and adopt conservation agriculture practices. Results indicate that a number of economic and social factors drive the rate of practice change, and change seems to be motivated mostly by the pursuit of productivity benefits rather than environmental benefits. We postulate that it may be more effective for climate policy to directly target the adoption of conservation agriculture practices amongst Australian dryland grain farmers by promoting the crop productivity benefits likely to be achieved by such practices, rather than attempting to develop a market-based mechanism for carbon payments. Under this approach, emissions reduction outcomes and carbon payments would not be the primary driver for changing farming practices, but rather a concurrent benefit. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Information dissemination   Climate change   Agricultural production   Farmers  

摘要： The U.S. Cooperative Extension Service was created 100 years ago to serve as a boundary or interface organization between science generated at the nation's land grant universities and rural communities. Production agriculture in the US is becoming increasingly complex and challenging in the face of a rapidly changing climate and the need to balance growing crop productivity with environmental protection. Simultaneously, extension budgets are diminishing and extension personnel are stretched thin with numerous, diverse stakeholders and decreasing budgets. Evidence from surveys of farmers suggests that they are more likely to go to private retailers and consultants for information than extension. This paper explores the role that extension can play in facilitating climate change adaptation in agriculture using data from a survey of agricultural advisors in Indiana, Iowa, Michigan and Nebraska and a survey of extension educators in the 12 state North Central Region. Evidence from these surveys shows that a majority of extension educators believe that climate change is happening and that they should help farmers prepare. It also shows that private agricultural advisors trust extension as a source of information about climate change. This suggests that extension needs to continue to foster its relationship with private information providers because working through them will be the best way to ultimately reach farmers with climate change information. However extension educators must be better informed and trained about climate change;university specialists and researchers can play a critical role in this training process.

关键词： 摩洛哥   气候变化   农业   适应   绿色计划  

摘要： 气候变化直接影响着自然环境,并与整个社会发展相互作用,北非区域发展也面临着这一巨大挑战。气候变化条件下经济社会发展的脆弱性、适应能力和引发的社会冲突已经成为各国关注的焦点。农业是摩洛哥的经济支柱,也是该国贫困人口的主要谋生手段。因此,在北非主要国家中,气候变化对摩洛哥的影响尤为显著。该研究简述了非洲气候变化背景下摩洛哥土地利用方式及其发展变化,讨论了气候变化对该国农业和社会稳定的影响,并简要分析了绿色摩洛哥计划、光伏发电等适应性应对策略和政策及其影响。该国现有的农业激励措施不足以缓解旱灾的影响,为了增加应对气候变化的能力,农业政策需要从农业输出最大化向稳定化转变。

关键词： 气候变化   自然灾害   农业   影响   防御措施  

摘要： 利用黑河市1980～2013年历史气候资料,采用统计分析方法对近34年黑河市温度、降水、霜期等的变化特征进行分析,研究了气象各时期的自然灾害及其对农业的影响,并提出了防御措施.

关键词： Adaptive management   Agricultural reservoirs   Climate change   Irrigation vulnerability   Reliability analysis   Water supply sustainability  

摘要： Climate change influences various environmental aspects, including those specifically related to agricultural water resources such as runoff, evapotranspiration, droughts and floods. Understanding the impact of climate change on reservoirs in relation to the passage of time is an important component of water resource management and the maintenance of a stable water supply. In different regions, changes in rainfall and hydrologic patterns due to climate change can increase the occurrences of reservoir water shortages and affect the future availability of agricultural water resources differently. It is a main concern for sustainable development in agricultural water resources management to evaluate the adaptive capability of a water supply under future climate conditions. Studies on climate change impacts and vulnerability assessments have been an essential process for preparing adaptive measures. This paper proposes a practical method to assess water supply vulnerability and sustainability in terms of climate change for the adaptive capability of agricultural reservoirs in South Korea based on a concept of probability theory and reliability analysis using time-dependent change analysis of water supply and demand. The objectives of this study were to investigate if there is evidence of climate change occurrences with respect to potential water supply capacity and irrigation water requirements;and to apply an irrigation vulnerability assessment model to assess the potential effects and predict the impacts of agricultural water demand and supply on reservoir operation to govern local water management decisions under climate variability and change. The irrigation vulnerability was estimated to evaluate the performance of water supplies in agricultural reservoirs;it is a recommended preparatory adaptive measure for developing a future water supply strategy in terms of using climate change scenarios reflecting different future conditions. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights

摘要： Climate change is one of the key challenges for the future of agriculture and food. Agriculture both contributes to and suffers from climate change. The interaction between both is of substantial complexity;the need for action is urgent and sometimes stakeholders lack scientific evidence or political will to agree on solutions. There are different lenses through which to address the interface between agriculture and climate change: mitigation, adaptation, resilience, sustainable intensification and civic response. However none of these directions of desirable action would provide the only right answer on their own. There is a need for multiple solutions and aligned action at every governance level involving all actors in the food system: farmers, food industry, consumers and regulatory institutions. Every actor needs to take certain responsibilities. We have to be innovative, responsive and practice solidarity, looking for transition pathways. Recent EU Framework projects and foresight exercises on agriculture provide policymakers with relevant insights and recommendations. This article considers four directions in which responses and shared responsibilities could be enabled to address the climate challenge in agriculture: recognise multiple modernisation pathways;support learning and innovation networks;harness local resources and solutions;and acknowledge 'quiet' sustainability. There is reflection on the policy implications at EU, Member State and more local levels.

关键词： Climate change   Irrigated agriculture   Agricultural scenarios   Crop water requirements   Guadiana river basin  

摘要： This study evaluates climate change potential impacts on irrigated agriculture in the Guadiana river basin, in the south of Portugal, by running long-term soil water balance simulations using the ISAREG model and taking into consideration the maximum potential yield. The ISAREG simulations were focused in a set of the most locally representative crops to assess the evolution of net and total water requirements, considering a monthly time step for two 30-year future periods, (2011-2040) and (2041-2070). Reference evapotranspiration was estimated using the temperature-based Hargreaves-Samani equation, and the simulations were performed using, as inputs, a combination of five climate change scenarios built using the Ensemble-Delta technique from CMIP3 climate projections datasets to set different alternative climate change bracketing conditions for rainfall and air temperature. Water balance outputs for different climate scenarios were combined with four agricultural scenarios allowing for the estimation of total irrigation requirements. A general increase in crop irrigation requirements was estimated, mainly for those crops as maize, pasture, and orchards that are already big irrigation water consumers. Crops as olive groves and vineyards, well adapted to the Mediterranean conditions, show less sensitivity to climate change. The combined results of crop irrigation requirements for climate change and agricultural scenarios allow for the expectation of sustainability for the agricultural scenarios A and C, essentially defined by the complete use of the irrigation network and systems currently being constructed with the Alqueva project, but not for the ambitious irrigation area expanding scenario B. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

摘要： This paper systematically reviews literature on urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry (UPAF) in mediating climate change. The study includes both peer-reviewed and grey literature (274 literature sources), and synthesizes evidence and agreement on both UPAF's potential and limitations for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Eight East and West African cities were included in the review: Accra, Addis Ababa, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Douala, Kampala, Ibadan and Nairobi. The review focuses on urban livelihoods, ecosystem services and urban policy responses as pathways to mediating climate change. Literature on UPAF indicates emerging consensus on the potential of UPAF in adaptation, but less agreement with respect to mitigation of climate change. African cities are implementing several measures including UPAF to address issues of development, reduce inequality and move towards low emissions development strategies. This calls for integrated urban development that supports green growth to harness economic opportunities with social and environmental benefits. The review reveals that through UPAF, the potential for mitigation and adaptation of climate change can address some development deficit issues and transform institutions at the city-regional level by leveraging good UPAF practices.