关键词： 质量要求   社会需求   消费者   食物浪费  

摘要： 人们对气候变化、人口增长和未来获得充足食物的权利的关注催生了新的社会需求。农业食品领域区分了质量的不同类型,并采纳了一些公共标准或者企业标准的方案以满足不同需求。本文首先介绍了不同的质量要求,其次描述了社会责任的新发展,并提出不仅经济主体要采取行动满足社会需求,消费者自己也必须负责。他们在购买食物和养成消费习惯时应当养成考虑自身切实需求以防止疾病(个体负面后果)和食物浪费(社会负面后果)的意识。

关键词： 河套地区   农业小气候   特征  

摘要： 为研究河套地区典型温室保温性能,选取三座不同类型温室做为研究对象,通过分析2011年7月至2012年6月温室中利用设施农业小气候仪观测到温室内气象观测资料。从温室内最高、最低气温出现时间和温度差值,可以看出各温室保温效果明显不同,管理水平也不同。温室相对湿度变化相似,全年相对湿度都比较大在50%-92%之间。地温变化与气温变化相似。N0002变化较为平缓,每日最大值和最小值相差不大。冬季晴天和阴天天气状况下,各温室气温有明显的日变化,且晴天状况下温度变化幅度要大于多云天气。连阴天日光温室内气温较低,夜晚日光温室内气温呈明显下降趋势,但以N002平均温度最高。以N0002管理水平和保温效果最好,N0003管理水平和保温效果最差,N0001居中。

关键词： 气候变化   农业生产   影响   石岛地  

摘要： 利用石岛地区1981—2010年气温与降水观测资料,采用统计分析方法,对近30年石岛地区的气候变化特征及其对农业生产的影响进行分析。结果表明,近30年石岛地区年平均气温以0.205℃/10 a的速度上升,除秋季外,春、夏、冬各季平均气温均呈上升趋势;年降水量以33.4 mm/10 a的速度缓慢增加,春、夏、秋季降水量均呈缓慢上升趋势,冬季降水量呈缓慢减少趋势。气候变暖对农业生产有利有弊,灾害性天气和极端降水事件将有所增加,干旱和洪涝可能趋于增加,对农业生产影响较大。

关键词： 气候变化   锦州地区   农业气象灾害的影响  

摘要： 农业的气象灾害表示的就是气候的变化对农业产生的影响,甚至可能造成不可弥补的损失,气候变化的波动,时刻决定着农业的发展和需求。目前影响着锦州地区的农业大概包括了冰雹、干旱等等的气候问题,随着近些年的气候变得越来越反常,随着全球的温室效应越来越严重,直接的导致了整个锦州地区出现的农业现状堪忧,因此面对这种现状进行分析,分析的内容也就是关于这气候的变化对锦州地区农业气象灾害的影响,并提出有利和对应的几项措施,预防锦州出现更严重的农业问题。

关键词： 气候变化   气温   降水   日照   农业生产  

摘要： 利用荔波县气象局1981—2015年气温、降水、日照观测资料,分析了该地区近35 a气候变化特征,并阐述了其对农业生产的影响。结果表明:荔波县年平均气温大体表现为显著上升变化趋势,气候倾向率为0.264℃/10 a;降水量整体上呈波动性下降趋势,日照时间逐年增加;气候不断变暖对作物品种结构、农业生产布局及农业病虫害均产生一定影响。

关键词： 气候变化   农业气象灾害   兴仁  

摘要： 通过分析兴仁县年的相关气象统计资料,对气温与降水量变化特征进行了分析,然后对农业气象灾害进行了相关分析,为合理开发气侯资料和防灾减灾提供资料。

关键词： Adaptation to climate change   Water management   Post-Soviet transformation   Agriculture   Kazakhstan   Rapid appraisal of agricultural innovation systems   Central Asia  

摘要： The convergence of climate change and post-Soviet socio-economic and institutional transformations has been underexplored so far, as have the consequences of such convergence on crop agriculture in Central Asia. This paper provides a place-based analysis of constraints and opportunities for adaptation to climate change, with a specific focus on water use, in two districts in southeast Kazakhstan. Data were collected by 2 multi-stakeholder participatory workshops, 21 semi-structured in-depth interviews, and secondary statistical data. The present-day agricultural system is characterised by enduring Soviet-era management structures, but without state inputs that previously sustained agricultural productivity. Low margins of profitability on many privatised farms mean that attempts to implement integrated water management have produced water users associations unable to maintain and upgrade a deteriorating irrigation infrastructure. Although actors engage in tactical adaptation measures, necessary structural adaptation of the irrigation system remains difficult without significant public or private investments. Market-based water management models have been translated ambiguously to this region, which fails to encourage efficient water use and hinders adaptation to water stress. In addition, a mutual interdependence of informal networks and formal institutions characterises both state governance and everyday life in Kazakhstan. Such interdependence simultaneously facilitates operational and tactical adaptation, but hinders structural adaptation, as informal networks exist as a parallel system that achieves substantive outcomes while perpetuating the inertia and incapacity of the state bureaucracy. This article has relevance for critical understanding of integrated water management in practice and adaptation to climate change in post-Soviet institutional settings more broadly.

关键词： Water scarcity   Climate change   Water resources   Irrigated agriculture   Reclamation consortium   Puglia  

摘要： In several regions, but especially in semi-arid areas, raising frequency, duration and intensity of drought events, mainly driven by climate change dynamics, are expected to dramatically reduce the current stocks of freshwater resources, limiting crop development and yield especially where agriculture largely depends on irrigation. The achievement of an affordable and sustainable equilibrium between available water resources and irrigation demand is essentially related to the planning and implementation of evidencebased adaptation strategies and actions. The present study proposed a state-of-the art conceptual framework and computational methodology to assess the potential water scarcity risk, due to changes in climate trends and variability, on irrigated croplands. The model has been tested over the irrigated agriculture of Puglia Region, a semi-arid territory with the largest agricultural production in Southern Italy. The methodology, based on the Regional Risk Assessment (RRA) approach, has been applied within a scenariobased hazard framework. Regional climate projections, under alternative greenhouse gas concentration scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and for two different timeframes, 2021-2050 and 2041-2070 compared to the baseline 1976-2005 period, have been used to drive hydrological simulations of river inflow to the most important reservoirs serving irrigation purposes in Puglia. The novelty of the proposed RRA-based approach does not simply rely on the concept of risk as combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability, but rather elaborates detailed (scientific and conceptual) framing and computational description of these factors, to produce risk spatial pattern maps and related statistics distinguishing the most critical areas (risk hot spots).. The application supported the identification of the most affected areas (i.e. Capitanata Reclamation Consortia under RCP8.5 2041-2070 scenario), crops (fruit trees and vineyards), and, finally, the vulnerability pa

关键词： Climate change   Agricultural production   Households   Human capital   Regression analysis   Adaptation   Perception   Drought   Pits   Droughts   Empowerment   Adaptations   Climate   Climatic changes  

摘要： We use new household level data from Niger and regression analysis to study the role of drought perception and human capital-including empowerment-in climate change adaptation through the digging of zaNu pits and effects of these pits on agricultural productivity. We find that selection of households into adoption of za < pits is influenced by the perception that the frequency of droughts has increased. More educated, experienced, and empowered households are also more likely to have put in place za < pits. Accounting for endogeneity of adoption, zaNu pits are found to significantly increase cereal yields. Our counterfactual analysis reveals that even though all households would benefit from adoption of zai pits, the effect would be significantly larger for households that did not adopt if they had adopted. For the latter group, empowerment in particular is associated with significantly higher yields.

关键词： Climate change   Adaptation strategy   Complex system   Metaheuristic model   Decision Support System   Wine farm accounting  

摘要： The negative effects of climate change are predicted to impact the agricultural sector in coming decades. Economic losses and modifications of production processes are fundamental issues to consider in coping with the harmful consequences of climate variability. The literature and empirical evidence show that the wine sector is extremely vulnerable to this risk. These studies show that this sector lacks appropriate adaptation strategies due to the complexity of the analysed systems and interrelations between a number of socio-economic and environmental variables. The present study designed a decision support system to identify adaptation strategies for wine farms undergoing climate change. The tool allows for the analysis of a wine farm's economic performance when it adopts measures to cope with climatic variability. Average values for climate change and extreme events were considered to assess different scenarios. A mix-method approach was applied to integrate probability calculations, complex system analyses and operational research (a metaheuristic approach). The model was tested on a case study located in central Italy (Chianti Classico). To maintain and improve future financial performance, organic farming and adjustments to procedural guidelines were recommended as key strategies. Economic variables, such as the average price of wine, seem to have a strong influence on farms' implementation of adaptive measures. An additional result seems to suggest that insurance schemes in areas producing high quality wine are only suitable when low-level deductibles and public funding are available. The present work shows that the decision support system favours analytical sensitivity to different scenarios and variables related to climate change as well as to socio-economic shifts in the viticulture sector. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.