关键词： Climate change   Adaptation   Comparative advantage   Acreage elasticities   Crop substitution  

摘要： Understanding how a changing climate alters regional comparative advantage is crucial for evaluating the economic impacts of climate change. I exploit temporal variation in decades-long averages of weather and estimate crop acreage elasticities with respect to climate change in the United States. I find substantial climate change adaptation through acreage adjustments in US agriculture. Climate change explains about 10-35% of the observed US corn and soybean expansion over the past 30 years, and climate-driven crop substitution has played an important role. The acreage response is heterogeneous across major and minor producing areas and across dryland and irrigated counties. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Productivity and efficiency   Climate change   Agroecology   Stochastic output distance function   Agriculture   Bangladesh  

摘要： The paper estimates the impacts of climate change, agroecological and socio-economic characteristics on agricultural productivity and efficiency changes in Bangladesh agriculture using a rich panel dataset of 17 regions covering a period of 61-years (1948-2008). Results revealed that land has the most dominant role in increasing agricultural production followed by labour and irrigation. The contribution of non-cereal crops (i.e., potatoes, pulses, oilseeds, jute and cash crops) to total production are also significant, ranging from 2 to 8% per annum. An increase in annual-rainfall and long-term-temperature (LTT) significantly enhance production. Production is significantly higher in floodplain agroecologies. However, production efficiency fluctuated sharply and declined overtime. The mean efficiency score of 0.74 implies substantial room to improve production by resource reallocation. Average farm size, crop specialization and investment in R&D significantly improve efficiency whereas increases in annual temperature-variability and LTT significantly reduce efficiency. Efficiency is significantly lower in low-lying floodplain and coastal-plain agroecologies. Policy implications include investments in diversifying cropping portfolio into other cereals (i.e., wheat and maize), research to develop crop varieties suited to changing climatic conditions and specific agroecological regions, and land/tenurial reforms to consolidate farm size to enhance productivity and efficiency of Bangladesh agriculture.

关键词： 农业气象灾害   病虫受害   气候变化  

摘要： 气候的变化一直对我国的农业有很大的影响,在农民眼中温饱问题是靠天地解决的。一方面靠现有的土地,另一方面就靠现有的天气。农作物的生长情况与天气的变化息息相关。然而天气也能够直接影响到与农作物有关的害虫生长和繁殖,害虫会对农作物的生长产生很大的影响。因此本文就对气候的变化问题进行研究,探讨农业气象灾害和病虫灾害两方面的影响。

关键词： 农业   气象灾害   病虫害   气候变化  

摘要： 近年来由于受到全球气候不断变暖的影响,世界各地的农业生产受到了影响,并且有些地区受到了严重的气候变化的影响。由于这样的气候变化,首先是农作物受到了影响,气候的变化致使农作物生长发育受到限制,并且很多气象灾害以及病虫害发生还会致使农作物的死亡。随现如今,类似这样的气象灾害和病虫害发生的概率也越来越频繁,气候变化对农业的影响越来越大。因此,本文将针对农业气象灾害及病虫害受气候变化的影响进行分析,以供农业发展进行参考。

关键词： 农业   气象灾害   病虫害  

摘要： 气候变化属于不可控的元素,它会对我国农业气象灾害以及病虫害产生较大的影响,它的存在有利也有弊,怎样做好预防工作,需要对这些可能出现的影响进行深层次的剖析,对此,需要分析天气变化对我国气象灾害以及病虫害的影响,希望能够借此更进一步的促进我国农业的健康发展。

关键词： Climate change   Human impact   Monsoon precipitation   Diatom   Lake sediment  

摘要： The responses of alpine lake ecosystems to combined climate and human impacts are ecologically important to understand. It is necessary to differentiate natural, climate-forced ecosystem changes from those driven by human disturbance with a long-term (i.e. 10(2)-10(3-)yr) perspective. Here a(14)C, Pb-210 and 137Cs- dated sediment core covering approximately 2500 years was analyzed for diatoms, pigments, cladocerans and geochemistry in Lugu lake-catchment in southwest China to examine the response of the lake to climate change and human impacts. Between 1000 and 1300 AD, a warming climate coupled with declining summer monsoon precipitation resulted in the increase of oligotrophic taxa and low catchment runoff. Prior to 1300 AD the lake ecosystem was primarily responding to natural, regional climate-related processes. After 1300 AD, the clear ecological shifts and reorganizations in community structure across multiple trophic levels suggest that major transitions took place in the Lugu ecosystem. An increase in Poaceae (grass) pollen from 1300 AD indicates human settlement in the area, and is followed by rapid decline in Tsuga, most likely a consequence of logging. Use of change point analyses of the multi-proxy data demonstrate that the lake ecosystem has been highly variable since 1300 AD and exhibiting enhanced vulnerability to both natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Our results suggest that agriculture-climate interactions played a major role in the ecological transitions over the last similar to 700 years. This conclusion provides insight into how the anthropogenic land-use intensity, vegetation cover and surface erosion fluctuated with natural temperature and precipitation change over the past 2000 years. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Climate change loss   Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) Model   Cross-Strait   Economic analysis  

摘要： The structure of agricultural industries at Cross-Strait differs as climate change is considered. In fact, its influence on their agriculture and other industries vary when the impact produced by natural disasters due to climate change are faced. To estimate direct and indirect losses caused by natural disasters, this study applies Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) analysis developed by Miller and Blair (2009) to discuss the development among Cross-Strait industries as they face disaster losses. The data sources used in this article are from Lin (2013), Cross-Strait ICIO table, and the statistics of agriculture in the periods 2005-2017 for Taiwan and Mainland China. The main results from our ICIO analysis are as follows: the value-added losses caused by natural disasters mainly involve agriculture, forestry, fishery, wholesale and retail trade, animal feed, and chemical fertilizer industries. These sectors account for 87.4% in Mainland China and 94.6% in Taiwan of total separately.

关键词： cyclic flows   efficiency   industrial ecology   life cycle assessment (LCA)   mitigation   resilience  

摘要： The food and agriculture sectors contribute significantly to climate change, but are also particularly vulnerable to its effects. Industrial ecology has robustly addressed these sectors' contributions to climate change, but not their vulnerability to climate change. Climate change vulnerability must be addressed through development of climate change adaptation and resiliency strategies. However, there is a fundamental tension between the primary objectives of industrial ecology (efficiency, cyclic flows, and pollution prevention) and what is needed for climate change adaptation and resiliency. We develop here two potential ways through which the field can overcome (or work within) this tension and combine the tools and methods of industrial ecology with the science and process of climate change adaptation. The first layers industrial ecology tools on top of climate change adaptation strategies, allowing one to, for example, compare the environmental impacts of different adaptation strategies. The other embeds climate change adaptation and resiliency within industrial ecology tools, for example, by redefining the functional unit in life cycle assessment (LCA) to include functions of resiliency. In both, industrial ecology plays a somewhat narrow role, informing climate change adaptation and resilience decision-making by providing quantitative indicators of environmental performance. This role for industrial ecology is important given the significant contributions and potential for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from food and agriculture. However, it suggests that industrial ecology's role in climate adaptation will be as an evaluator of adaptation strategies, rather than an originator.

摘要： The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that climate has changed over the past century and the trend is anticipated to continue in the future. This study examines climate change posed drought and potential of rainy season rainfall in Kesem sub-basin. Rainfall variability is examined using statistical descriptors. Also, the onset and cessation dates, length of growing season, and probability of dry and wet spell are analyzed using INSTAT Plus software. On the other hand, long-term drought is analyzed using reconnaissance drought index. Rainfall variability result showed high coefficient of variance (CV) of 46.8 to 179.2% on monthly and 39.1% on annual basis. The mean duration of the main rainy season is 91 days with standard deviation of 18.5 days and CV of 20.4%. The probability of dry decade in the main rainy season is more than 50% for the 16th to 18th and 25th to 27th decades. Whereas probability occurrences of dry decades preceded by dry decades were more than 50% for decades 16th to 18th and 23th to 27th. Potential evapotranspiration showed increment of 25.9 mm from the base period for RCP 4.5 (2020) and 26.7 mm for RCP 8.5 (2020), and 55 mm for RCP4.5 (2050) and 56.8 mm for RCP8.5 (2050). Regarding the long-term drought, there were 9.7% extreme, 6.5% severe, 3.2% moderate, and 48.4% mild drought on the basis of observed data. The inter-annual variability of growing seasons, probability occurrence of dry decade, and drought during growing season are revealed. So, policymakers need to consider supplementary irrigation for crops in the area because there are high probability occurrences of dry decades.

关键词： Climate change   Agriculture   Crops revenue   Ricardian method   Central Highlands of Afghanistan  

摘要： This paper provides evidence on the economic impact of climate change on agriculture in the Central Highlands of Afghanistan by exploring the climate sensitivity of crop net revenue per unit of land. A Ricardian model and a novel 2017 dataset for 1502 farmers in three central provinces along with 34 years of weather information are used to study the impact of variations in seasonal precipitation and annual temperature. The findings suggest a significant and nonlinear effect of climate factors on crop net revenue. The impact of seasonal precipitation is found to vary across space and time. The effect of increased annual temperature is found to be generally positive and significant-both statistically and economically. The predicted impact of future climate change is largely beneficial, mainly due to warming. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.