关键词： 协同创新   边际土地   科研人员   覆盖作物   区域协作   加拿大农业   养分管理   未来十年  

摘要： 加拿大农业与农业食品部宣布,未来十年将为新的“农业应对气候变化解决方案”(ACS)投入1.85亿加元。该计划将分两个阶段进行。第一阶段将于4月1日启动,向每个项目提供10万加元,支持各省提出区域协作中心即“生活实验室”(“LivingLabs”)方案。每个区域协作中心将以农场为中心,农民和科研人员开展协同创新,采取种植覆盖作物、边际土地永久覆盖、防护林、养分管理、间作、与豆类轮作等措施提高土壤肥力,储存碳和保护环境。第二阶段将于今年秋季启动,每个项目最高可获得1000万加元的资助。

关键词： 气候变化   中国农业   全球变暖   应对策略  

摘要： 全球气候变化已经严重威胁到了我国农业生产发展,对粮食生产安全也产生了直接影响,全球变暖已经成为当下各国较为关注的热点话题。粮食作为人类发展的根本,对于任何一个国家来说,没有任何危机比粮食危机影响更大,涉及范围更广,为此根据实际调查资料对我国气候变化对农业发展进行系统的分析。

关键词： 气候变化   中亚地区   雨养农业区   水土资源   匹配格局   时空差异   粮食安全  

摘要： 中亚地区是落实我国“一带一路”发展倡议的关键地区,雨养农业区作为中亚重要粮食主产区,对世界和区域粮食安全具有重要意义。本文基于参与耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)的7个全球气候模式(GCM),分析了未来30 a(2021—2050年)气候变化情景下中亚雨养农业区降水量的空间分布及其变化趋势;然后根据适宜农作物种植的高程、坡度和土壤类型等条件,识别出雨养农业区宜农耕地分布;采用基于数列匹配度和单位面积水资源量法,预估了未来中亚雨养农业区水土资源匹配格局的时空变化。研究结果表明:(1)未来气候变化情景下,中亚雨养农业区年均降水空间分布自东北向西南降低,东部地区降水呈弱增加趋势,RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下降水增幅分别为1.10 mm·a^(-1)和1.61 mm·a^(-1),西部呈减少趋势,但不显著;与RCP4.5情景相比,21世纪中期,RCP8.5情景下全年可利用降水量增加了9.8 mm。(2)宜农耕地资源丰富,空间分布差异相对较小,北部地区以现有耕地为主,南部和东部地区后备耕地资源充足。(3)在两种RCP情景下,中亚雨养农业区未来30 a水土资源匹配度大部分处于0.6以上,总体处于较好匹配水平,且RCP8.5情景优于RCP4.5;与全年水土匹配相比,生长季水土资源空间匹配极不均衡,东部和北部地区匹配系数大部分处于0.84以上,而南部和西部地区均低于0.70。总体上,未来气候变化将对中亚雨养农业区粮食生产产生双重影响,本文也提出提升应对气候变化能力的相关措施。

关键词： climate change   crop yield   herbicides   integrated weed management   weed competition  

摘要： Weeds represent a significant threat to crop yields and global food security. We analysed data on weed competition from the world's longest running agricultural experiment to ask whether potential yield losses from weeds have increased in response to management and environmental change since the advent of the Green Revolution in the 1960s. On plots where inorganic nitrogen fertiliser has been applied, potential yield losses from weeds have consistently increased since 1969. This was explained by a warming climate, measured as air temperature averaged over the growing season for the weeds, and a shift towards shorter crop cultivars. Weeds also reduced yield proportionally more on plots with higher rates of nitrogen which had higher yields when weeds were controlled;the relative benefit of herbicides was, therefore, proportional to potential crop yield. Reducing yield losses from weed competition is increasingly challenging because of the evolution of herbicide resistance. Our results demonstrate that weeds now represent a greater inherent threat to crop production than before the advent of herbicides and integrated, sustainable solutions to weed management are urgently needed to protect the high yield potential of modern crop genotypes.

关键词： Irrigation  

摘要： Over 90% of Swedish agriculture is rainfed, and thus future climate change can pose a risk to agricultural production in coming decades. An overall increase in annual precipitation is predicted for northern Europe, but Sweden could still face an increasing need for irrigation, as shown by the drought summer of 2018. Adaptation of Swedish agriculture to include irrigated agriculture should thus be considered. To evaluate the theoretical need for irrigation, calculations were performed for different locations in Sweden, and for different soil-crop pairs at each location. In-situ weather data from a projected climate dataset created by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute were used to evaluate changes in irrigation need over the period 1981-2050. The results showed an increasing need for irrigation of cereal crops during the early season (May-June), for two main reasons: i) A shift to an earlier start of the cropping period, leading to an earlier need for irrigation;and ii) a higher probability of dry spring weather, substantially increasing the irrigation requirement in dry years. Crops for which the growing season starts later (e.g., potatoes) showed an increasing need for irrigation during July. Crop development stages were predicted to occur earlier, leading to earlier harvesting, reducing the irrigation requirement in August. However, the calculation approach developed for this study may have underestimated the need for irrigation, which could be higher than reported here.

关键词： 德化县   气候变化   农业生产   影响  

摘要： 农文章利用1990~2019年德化县逐月平均气温、降水量资料对德化县的气候变化特征进行分析,并阐述了其对农业生产的影响。结果表明:德化县三十年年平均温度总体上呈升高变化趋势,气候倾向率为0.28℃/10a;四季平均气温气候倾向率分别为0.193℃/10a、0.223℃/10a、0.49℃/10a、0.169℃/10a;德化县降水量总体呈略微减少的变化趋势,降水气候倾向率是-10.287 mm/10a;春季、夏季、冬季三个季节降水量均呈减少变化趋势,减少幅度最大的季节为夏季;秋季降水量则呈增加变化趋势。德化县气候的波动变化会给农业生长、品质等造成不同程度的影响。

关键词： 农业气象灾害   病虫害   气候变化  

摘要： 受到气候变化的影响,在农业种植当中可能产生病虫害和气象灾害,这样不仅降低了粮食产量,也不利于农业的平稳发展,为此需要全面的了解气候变化对于农业气象灾害和病虫害的影响,从而做到对于农业气象灾害及病虫害的及时防治,保障粮食产量,为此,本文重点阐述气候变化对农业气象灾害以及病虫害的影响,从而使得广大农业种植者能够对气候变化对农业的影响做到及时的应对,提高农业种植户的农业种植效益。

关键词： 气候变化   农业和粮食生产   影响   研究进展   发展方向  

摘要： 在目前农业生产中,粮食生产属于非常关键的农业生产组成部分。农业和粮食的生产过程具有特殊性,根源在于粮食作物的种植生长环境主要为自然环境,因此决定了粮食种植生产效益会受到当地气候变化的影响。具体针对农业和粮食生产的过程而言,应明确气候变化引发的粮食种植综合效益影响,结合领域研究进展判断技术发展趋向,供相关工作人员参考。

关键词： Climate change   Agro-hydrology   Runoff   Water distribution   SWAT modeling  

摘要： Future climate change is predicted to increase precipitation volume in Sweden, and also to modify precipitation patterns and produce more intense rainfall events. This study examined the impact of such changes in three small Swedish watersheds dominated by agricultural land. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to investigate the relationship between changes in precipitation (monthly and daily) and monthly water partitioning between runoff, soil water content, and evapotranspiration. A climate ensemble produced from Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 and five different global climate models, regionalized by the Swedish regional climate model RCA4, was used to feed the SWAT model. The results showed similar outcomes for the three sites, with an increase in total monthly precipitation often associated with an increase in high daily rainfall events. Increased intensity of rainfall, particularly events > 15 mm/day, was associated with an increase in runoff, but not in soil water content. In the few cases where monthly precipitation decreased, soil water content also decreased. The main impact on all hydrological components of the system appeared to be more significant during the middle of the cropping season (May?August) than at the beginning (April) or end (September). These conclusions emerge despite the climate model ensemble underestimating the heaviest daily rainfall events. Overall, this study showed that the projected increasing trend in seasonal rainfall in southern Sweden would not result in more soil water being available for crop production.