关键词： 气候变化   大学教育   农业院校   问卷调查   公众意识  

摘要： 大学气候变化教育是国家应对气候变化能力建设的重要组成部分。通过一个自主设计的问卷,随机抽样调查了南京农业大学部分在校本科生,评价和分析了其对气候变化问题的认识水平、应对行动态度与行动的意愿性等。结果表明,被调查者在气候变化与农业的关系上有较高的认知,但在气候变化意识的不同方面和年级间及专业间都存在一定差异。农学类学生对于温室气体的产生途径及其与气候变化的关系了解不够,不过,高年级学生和农科类学生关于气候变化与农业关系方面的认知分别显著高于低年级和文科类学生。然而,学生个体间在应对气候变化的参与态度上有很大差异,而气候变化的总体意识和参与态度与年级关系相对较弱。看来,高等农业院校本科教育中急需加强气候变化教育。建议开设气候变化及其应对的公共选修课或专门气候变化管理课程,以适应应对气候变化的人才培养需求。

关键词： 东北三省   农业气候资源   气候倾向率  

摘要： 基于1961—2007年中国东北三省72个气象台站的气象资料,分析了东北三省全年及温度生长期内的平均气温、≥10℃积温、降水量、日照时数和参考作物蒸散量等农业气候资源的变化特征.结果表明:研究期间,东北三省年均气温总体呈升高趋势,其气候倾向率为0.38℃.10a-1;温度生长期内≥10℃积温同样呈上升趋势,且积温带逐渐北移东扩,全区高于3200℃.d积温带面积增加了2.2×104km2,2800～3200℃.d积温带北移0.85°、东移0.67°,2400～2800℃.d积温带北移1.1°;东北三省年日照时数显著下降,且以松嫩平原东部、吉林省中西部平原、辽河平原西部的减少尤为明显,全区年日照时数高于2800h的区域面积由13.6×104km2缩小到4.1×104km2,2600～2800h的区域向西推进了1.5°;全区温度生长期内日照时数平均为1174h,与1961—1980年相比,1981—2007年温度生长期内的日照时数高值区明显减少,日照时数1200～1400h的区域向西推进了0.9°;1961—2007年间,研究区年降水量及温度生长期内降水量均呈下降趋势;黑龙江省全年参考作物蒸散量整体呈增加趋势,吉林省中西部平原区有所减小、东部山区呈增加趋势,辽宁省均呈减小趋势,与1961—1980年的年均值相比,1981—2007年年参考作物蒸散量高于900mm区域向西推移了约1°;黑龙江省和吉林省绝大部分区域温度生长期内参考作物蒸散量逐年增加,而辽宁省绝大部分区域以小于14mm.10a-1的幅度在减少.

关键词： 气候变化   农业生产   节水农业   生态农业  

摘要： 近几十年来,随着工业化进程的加快和温室气体排放的增多,全球气温呈现出显著的上升趋势,在此背景下,我国的气候变暖趋势也越来越明显。气候变化无疑会对农业造成影响,气候变暖影响农作物的生长发育和品质、导致高温伏旱和海平面上升,是我国农业可持续发展的重大挑战。为此,我国应控制温室气体排放、发展节水农业、推行生态农业、加强科技开发、促进全球合作,积极应对气候变化带来的挑战。

关键词： 气候变化   特征   气象灾害   农业生产   影响   山东莱芜  

摘要： 采用数理统计和线性趋势分析方法,对莱芜市1957～2008年的气温、降水等气候资料进行分析,结果表明:52年来莱芜市气温在波动中上升,气温变化分为2个时期,1987年前为偏冷期,1987年至今为偏暖期。极端最高气温下降,极端最低气温升高明显,冬季低温强度和持续时间明显减弱,冬季增温尤其突出;冬暖夏凉趋势加强。近10年来初霜推迟5d,终霜提前10d,平均无霜期增加10d。冬季缩短,夏季延长,春播期提前、秋播期推迟,作物生长期延长明显,提高了复种指数,资源利用明显提高。年降水量在波动中减少,降水强度增强,极端强降水事件增加,降水的时空分布更不均匀,季节差异更为明显,夏半年气候逐渐转向冷湿化,冬半年逐渐转向暖干化。气候变化对莱芜市农业生产产生了多方面的影响,农业气象灾害增加,作物病虫害发生和影响程度加重,农业生产成本增加,使农业的不稳定性增强。

关键词： 气候变化   西非   农业   世界气象组织   世界粮农组织   布基纳法索   国际研讨会   经济共同体  

关键词： 宁南山区   气候变化   集水型生态农业  

摘要： 通过对宁南山区的农业生产特点和气候变化特征分析,指出水资源短缺是制约宁南山区农业和农村可持续发展的关键因素,气候变化加剧了水资源的紧张态势,要使宁南山区实现农村和农业的可持续发展,必须首先解决水的短缺问题,现代集水型生态农业是解决宁南山区水资源短缺的有效措施.可为制定当地的农业发展规划借鉴.

关键词： 农业生产   气候变化   农业区   气候模式   打碾   乳熟期   旬平均气温   小麦灌浆   颗粒归仓   天气趋势预报  

摘要： 青政办[2009]138号西宁市、各自治州人民政府,海东行署,省政府各委、办、厅、局:根据8月28日宋秀岩省长在省气象局编发的《气象信息专报》(2009第26期)上作出的"请将建议通知各地"的批示精神。

关键词： Watershed modeling   Agricultural watershed   Climate change   SWAT   Water yield   Evapotranspiration  

摘要： Quantifying the hydrological response to an increased atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change is critical for the proper management of water resources within agricultural systems. This study modeled the hydrological responses to variations of atmospheric CO2 (550 and 970 ppm), temperature (+1.1 and +6.4 degrees C), and precipitation (0%, +/-10%, and +/-20%) based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to model the hydrology and impact of climate change in the highly agricultural San Joaquin watershed in California. This watershed has an area of 14,983 km(2) with a Mediterranean climate, resulting in a strong dependence on irrigation. Model calibration (1992-1997) and validation (1998-2005) resulted in Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients of 0.95 and 0.94, respectively, for monthly stream flow. The results of this study suggest that atmospheric CO2, temperature and precipitation change have significant effects on water yield, evapotranspiration, irrigation water use, and stream flow. Increasing CO2 concentration to 970 ppm and temperature by 6.4 degrees C caused watershed-wide average evapotranspiration, averaged over 50 simulated years, to decrease by 37.5%, resulting in increases of water yield by 36.5%, and stream flow by 23.5% compared to the present-day climate. Increasing temperature caused a temporal shift in plant growth patterns and redistributed evapotranspiration and irrigation water demand earlier in the year. This caused an increase in stream flow during the summer months due to decreased irrigation demand. Water yield, however, decreased with an increase in temperature. Increase of precipitation by +/-10% and +/-20% generally changed water yield and stream flow proportionally, and had negligible effects on predicted evapotranspiration and irrigation water use. Overall, the results indicate that the San Joaquin watershed hydrology is very sensitive to potential future climate changes.

关键词： 气候变化   粮食安全   极端天气事件   粮食供需   粮食单产   暴雨洪涝   低温阴雨   种植制度   防御工作   粮食生  

摘要： 气候变化对我国农业已经造成了影响,并将继续影响我国农业生产,为我国农业发展带来巨大的挑战。

关键词： Bleaching   capacity building   climate   coral reefs   global warming   robustness  

摘要： The coral reef ecosystem forms part of a 'seascape' that includes land-based ecosystems such as mangroves and forests, and ideally should form a complete system for conservation and management. Aquaculture, including artisanal fishing for fish and invertebrates, shrimp farming, and seaweed farming, is a major part of the farming and gleaning practices of many tropical communities, particularly on small islands, and depends upon the integrity of the reefs. Climate change is making major impacts on these communities, not least through global warming and high CO2 concentrations. Corals grow within very narrow limits of temperature, provide livelihoods for millions of people in tropical areas, and are under serious threat from a variety of environmental and climate extremes. Corals survive and grow through a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae: zooxanthellae. Such systems apply highly co-operative regulation to minimize the fluctuation of metabolite concentration profiles in the face of transient perturbations. This review will discuss research on how climate influences reef ecosystems, and how science can lead to conservation actions, with benefits for the human populations reliant on the reefs for their survival.