关键词： 发展   有机农业   气候变化   缓解作用  

摘要： 农业生态系统中的碳库是全球碳库中最活跃的部分,土壤可以通过团聚体-有机物的固碳作用降低大气中CO2浓度,从而缓解气候变暖。有机农业因其只施用有机肥、对土壤的保护性开发利用,不仅能够改善土壤形成和结构,增加养分和能量循环,而且与常规农业相比土壤的固碳能力有所增强,对缓解气候变化起到积极的作用,保护生态环境,维持农业的可持续发展。因此,发展有机农业能够实现结构优化、产业产品升级,是新时期农业和农村经济发展的方向,能够真正实现环境、经济和社会效益的完美结合。但同时,我国现阶段发展有机农业还存在很多难题,需要加大研发和宣传力度,更好地发展有机农业。

关键词： 气候变化   趋势分析   农业生产  

摘要： 利用普兰店1961~2008年气象资料进行统计分析,归纳出近48a普兰店气候变化特点是：温度呈波动性上升,降水波动性减少趋势;无霜期延后,干旱发生频率增大。同时,分析了气候变化对农业生产的影响,为合理利用该地区气候资源提供参考依据。

关键词： 农业综合开发项目   全球环境基金   世界银行贷款   综合开发利用   检查   气候变化   灌溉农业   项目建设  

摘要： 11月14日-22日，世行检查团对山东省济南市的章丘市、河北省衡水市的桃城区世行三期项目进行了实地检查，并在北京听取了世行三期项目竣工报告和全球环境基金赠款项目实施情况汇报。世行检查团对项目区的总体实施情况表示满意，对项目取得的成效给予了充分肯定，并希望进一步总结项目建设经验，为今后的项目建设提供有益借鉴。

摘要： In an effort to curb mankind's impact on the global climate, the EU has proposed a reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions of 20 per cent by 2020 relative to the 1990 levels. The required reduction in GHG emissions in the non-Emissions Trading Sector, which includes agriculture, varies by Member States ( MS) with Ireland, Denmark and Luxembourg given the largest reduction target of 20 per cent relative to their 2005 levels. For some EU MS, such as Ireland, agriculture represents a significant source of national GHG emissions and achieving the reduction targets could potentially have a significant impact on the agriculture sector in these MS. Various policy-based abatement strategies can be applied to reduce the cost of GHG emissions abatement. This article discusses some of the main merits and demerits of these strategies. Tradable Emissions Permits, which are currently being used to reduce the emissions from the EU energy and heavy industry sectors, are one such strategy and are examined in more detail in the context of reducing GHG emissions from agriculture. A number of potential obstacles to the successful implementation of a scheme of tradable emissions permits for Irish or EU agriculture are discussed in greater detail.

摘要： Significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be achieved whilst at the same time developing the production potential of EU agriculture and forestry through increased productivity. Therefore, research and investment in innovation and new technologies are needed. Agriculture and forestry are uniquely placed in being able to reduce GHG emissions whilst adapting their own businesses and facilitating society's adaptation to climate change. Farmers in the EU-27 have already contributed to a significant decrease in GHG emissions of 20 per cent between 1990 and 2006. The implementation of the EU's climate and energy package must not jeopardise the economic viability and competitiveness nor the social component of agricultural and forestry activities. Beyond their productive role, environmental benefits, landscape preservation and employment opportunities are delivered by both sectors. However, several factors hamper their contribution to combating climate change: and there is a risk that measures put in place to reduce GHG emissions will result in the delocalisation of agricultural production outside the EU. There is limited capacity of autonomous farm level adaptation. It is vital, therefore, that we have a strong Common Agricultural Policy to support farmers in improving their resilience to climatic variability and in contributing to climate change mitigation, which will deliver cost-saving benefits for society as a whole.

关键词： Ellenberg values   Ecological envelope   Broader habitat   Regional climate model   Upper-Austria  

摘要： Climate change amongst others is considered as a major threat to biodiversity. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential impact and regional variation of modelled climate change on selected Austrian habitats and agricultural landscapes for 20 landscape samples in the region of Upper-Austria. In order to avoid biases caused by the lack of data of species and their ecological requirements, we used a concept that addresses higher aggregated forms of biodiversity, the broader habitats. We defined their ecological envelope by applying Ellenberg's temperature and water availability values based on vegetation releves and related these with the output of a regional climate model for the time periods 1981-1990 and 2041-2050. Further we defined a sensitivity index for assessing possible responses of broader habitats to future climatic conditions. Regression analysis revealed quite strong relationships for temperature values (R-2=0.72, p-value < 0.01) but not for water availability. Differences in R-2 were given regarding the individual broader habitats. Water availability had higher sensitivity indices than temperature. Forests, fallow land, field margins and aquatic habitats had the best regression models, the highest sensitivity and also showed rather high naturalness values. It was concluded that more natural habitats will suffer more because of climate change. Species loss and turnover can only be mitigated by improving migration possibilities. Consequences for nature conservation planning are discussed and need to be further explored. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： CLIMATE change mitigation   ADAPTATION (Biology)   IRRIGATION farming   DROUGHTS   AGRICULTURAL water-supply   WATER use  

摘要： Le changement climatique risque d'avoir des repercussions considerables sur l'agriculture irriguee. Les phenomenes climatiques extremes, tels que les secheresses, risquent de devenir plus frequents. Ces phenomenes sont mis en evidence dans les projections medianes du changement climatique etablies pour le bassin de Murray-Darling, en Australie. Pour comprendre les repercussions du changement climatique sur le rendement des cultures irriguees, il faut disposer d'une representation explicite des changements spatiaux qui touchent les stocks naturels (c.-a-d. l'approvisionnement en eau) et de leur variabilite temporelle (c.-a-d. les etats de la nature de la frequence de la secheresse) et assurer une gestion active des stocks de capital grace a des strategies d'attenuation et d'adaptation selon l'etat de la nature. Une variation de la frequence des secheresses entrainera une modification de l'allocation des terres et de l'eau entre les activites de production. Dans le present article, nous avons utilise un modele de simulation etats-contingences pour analyser les repercussions des strategies d'attenuation du changement climatique et d'adaptation a ce changement. En l'absence de strategies d'attenuation, le changement climatique aura des repercussions defavorables sur l'agriculture irriguee dans le Bassin. Toutefois, des strategies d'attenuation combinees a des strategies d'adaptation comprenant des changements dans l'utilisation des terres et de l'eau permettront de maintenir l'utilisation de l'eau a des fins agricoles et les debits environnementaux.

摘要： Climate change will have significant impacts on agriculture. Farmers and the agri-food supply chain will have to adapt, while at the same time providing food for a growing population. Agriculture can be expected to contribute to meeting targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, although the sector did not figure significantly at the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009. The ongoing or expected international climate change, food security and trade commitments present both challenges and opportunities for the agri-food sector, as agriculture is one of the few sectors that can contribute to both mitigation and sequestration of carbon emissions. Accounting for agriculture's carbon footprint is a key issue given the possibility of including agriculture in greenhouse gas reduction commitments. However, the range and variability of estimates, and the complexity and uncertainty of accounting for indirect land use change remain to be resolved. Policies will play a role in enhancing the ability of agriculture to adapt to climate change, in reducing greenhouse gases, while contributing to other environmental goals. There is an urgent need to consider whether an international agreement would be the channel to enable appropriate national policy actions to be taken in the context of a global framework to reduce emissions from agriculture in the most efficient and least-cost manner.

关键词： Ranching -- Environmental aspects   Sedimentation & deposition   Water quality   Climate change   Nonpoint source pollution laws   Water quality management   Soil erosion  

摘要： In the Amazonian agricultural frontier, pasture for cattle ranching is an important and potentially hazardous form of land use because of sediment erosion as pastures degrade. This relationship between ranching, sediment load, and water quality is likely to further exacerbate environmental impacts, particularly in the context of climate change. We examine the role that river basin councils (RBCs) - a water governance option of Brazil's 1997 National Water Act - might play in managing this nonpoint-source pollution in the Amazonian state of Rondonia. We implement a simple coupled rancher-water system model to compare two potential governance options: a bulk water cleanup charge (BWC) implemented by RBCs and a land-use fine (LUF) for failing to maintain riparian buffers. We find no significant advantage of BWC over LUF in reducing sediment loading while keeping ranching profitable, under a changing climate. We also fail to find in Rondonia the important stake in water issues that has driven water reform elsewhere in Brazil. Moreover, the comparative success of reforestation programs suggests these programs may, in fact have the potential to manage nonpoint-source agricultural pollution in the region.