关键词： 自由贸易   国际贸易   贸易协定   研究   亚洲  

ISBN: (数字)9787566322340 ISBN: (纸本)9787566322340

摘要： 本报告系统研究了涉及亚洲经济体的主要区域自由贸易协定，既包括亚洲国家内部达成的协定，也包括亚洲国家与区外国家达成的国际协定。报告内容包括这些协定的进展情况、主要特点，涵盖货物贸易领域、服务贸易领域、投资领域、争端解决机制领域，以及其他规则领域，如能源、知识产权、环境保护、政府采购、竞争政策、电子商务、中小企业等。

关键词： International Trade   Poultry   Animal Diseases   Econometric Modeling  

摘要： Animal disease events can lead to international trade restrictions which can vary in duration, products included, and geographical extent. Accounting for multilateral resistance between trading partners, a general gravity model of trade is estimated with a Hausman-Taylor and a Hausman-Taylor seemingly unrelated estimator to evaluate the trade quantity impact by commodity resulting from highly pathogenic poultry disease events in 24 exporting markets. Commodity specific results show that quantity traded and products demanded during a disease event differ by commodities. Understanding these impacts can better prepare exporters for potential changes in trade quantity given a disease event.

关键词： genetic stock identification   mixed stock analysis   scalloped hammerhead   Sphyrna lewini   shark fin trade   wildlife trade   wildlife trafficking   shark conservation  

摘要： There is an urgent need for population-specific trade information for overexploited sharks, as international trade regulations are becoming an important tool for their conservation [i.e., listings on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)]. We tested a genetic stock identification (GSI) workflow to quantify the relative contributions of different source populations of the CITES-listed scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini to international trade hubs for products such as dried fins. We grouped published mitochondrial control region sequences from wild-captured sharks sampled in 15 locations into 9 differentiated populations that provide broad coverage of the species global distribution. GSI simulations established that these populations are highly identifiable and we trialed this approach to assess the provenance of processed fin trimmings collected randomly from the retail market of Hong Kong, one of the world's largest shark fin trade hubs in 2014-2015 (N = 72). In this pilot survey, we found over 75% of scalloped hammerhead fin trimmings came from two Pacific Ocean populations, but mostly from the Eastern Pacific (61.4%, of all trimmings;se 7.1%) where this species is listed as 'Endangered' under the United States Endangered Species Act. Six of the nine populations were found in this sample of the market, indicating near global sourcing of scalloped hammerhead fins in Hong Kong. We suggest technical and sampling considerations for employing GSI at fin trade hubs in the future to investigate regional sourcing of scalloped hammerheads and other coastal sharks in international trade. Random GSI in trade hubs could revolutionize our understanding of global shark trade dynamics and provide critical information required to effectively implement shark fisheries management and trade restrictions.

关键词： European Court of Justice   EU trademark registration   Judicial behaviour   Litigation   Negative binomial fixed effect regression   Spatial analysis  

摘要： Private enforcement through courts has been put forward as a possible substitute to public enforcement of federal and international trade regimes. In this article, we seek to advance the empirical literature on private enforcement in the EU context by overcoming the limitations of existing datasets. We present a new dataset measuring referral activity at subnational level and argue that EU trademark registrations represent a better proxy for cross-border economic activity than intra-EU trade in goods. EU trademark registrations capture trade in services as well as goods and are measured at the regional rather than at the national level. Consistent with theories emphasising the link between economic and legal integration, we find that regions with higher concentrations of EU trademark users generate significantly more referrals. Our analysis suggests that private enforcement is more effective in regions with large trade hubs and less so in more peripheral regions with less trade-oriented economies. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

标准号: GB/T 39459-2020

摘要： 本标准规定了我国与其他国家/地区主管机构之间交换的国际贸易农产品卫生和植物检疫电子证书的业务用语描述、目标技术方案、有效负载信息以及业务信息实体的引用。本标准适用于构建农产品国际贸易过程中卫生和植物检疫电子证书交换的兼容系统。

标准号: GB/T 39447-2020

摘要： 本标准规定了国际贸易业务数据规范中与货运代理业务相关的供应链业务场景、需求规范映射和信息实体定义。本标准适用于与跨境贸易运输业务相关的行政服务和业务实体之间的供应链数据交换。

标准号: GB/T 39454-2020

摘要： 本标准规定了国际贸易业务数据规范货物跟踪与追溯的概念模型、信息跟踪、业务信息实体参考、关联文档和信息实体定义等。本标准适用于行政服务、进出口集装箱货物运输、装卸和存储等整个物流过程中业务实体之间的信息交换。

标准号: GB/T 39455-2020

摘要： 本标准给出了国际贸易业务流程规范中与货运代理业务相关的供应链数据模型概述、业务需求和业务用语描述。本标准适用于与跨境贸易运输业务相关的行政服务和业务实体之间的供应链数据交换。

标准号: GB/T 39460-2020

摘要： 本标准规定了国际贸易跨行业汇付通知的业务用语、概念模型、信息映射、业务信息实体的引用和使用的代码清单。本标准适用于供应商和客户之间为所提供商品及服务进行付款或其他形式财务结算的汇付业务。