摘要： The international trade in biotech products boosts national economies and advances scientific as well as technology innovation. However, while trading these products increases the spread of benefits on a global scale, it also increases risks to human health and the environment (ie biosafety). This is because the effects of this technology on biosafety are still highly uncertain. Against this background, the judicial bodies under the World Trade Organization (WTO) find themselves in the middle of an intricate and polarised debate in which a proper judicial balance between free trade and biosafety becomes fundamental in order to determine whether requests for ensuring human and environmental health justify trade restrictions. This paper aims to highlight that the WTO is institutionally unready for balancing economic and non-economic values. In suggesting how to rationalise the judicial balance between the competing interests in the context of biotechnology, this paper demonstrates that the judicial adoption of a well-structured proportionality analysis can turn the current balance by chance into a balance by structure.

关键词： 服装   国际贸易   原始凭证   高等职业教育   教材  

ISBN: (纸本)9787518087365

摘要： 本书在对服装外贸单证员岗位职业技能分析的基础上，以一票服装贸易单证操作的工作过程为主线，设计了九个学习情境。内容包括信用证的审核与修改、商业单证的缮制、官方单证的缮制、保险单证的缮制、运输单证的缮制、资金单证的缮制、其他单证的缮制、进口单证的缮制、单证的审核。在每个学习情境下设定若干个工作任务，将从事外贸单证工作需要掌握的知识和技能隐含在一个或几个有代表性的任务过程中，使读者在完成一个个具体的工作任务过程中，掌握相关的知识和技能。在九个学习情境后，还编排了不同结算方式下的综合制单训练，以提高学生的综合操作能力。本书具有很强的针对性、实践性和可操作性，既可以作为高等职业院校、高等专科院校、成人高校等院校国际商贸类专业的教学用书，也可作为五年制中等职业院校相关专业教材，还可作为社会从业人员自学及培训用书。

关键词： 国际贸易   高等学校  

ISBN: (数字)9787030683601 ISBN: (纸本)9787030683601

摘要： 本教材为适应风靡全国的网课教学和慕课（MOOC）学习，突出了慕课特色，将线下线上混合教学方式通过新版教材有机地结合在了一起，主要讲解国际贸易的基本理论和基本政策。全书共16章，主要内容包括：国际分工与世界市场，自由贸易理论与保护贸易理论，关税与非关税壁垒政策，出口鼓励与出口管制政策，WTO与区域经济一体化问题，国际服务贸易、技术贸易与产业内贸易问题，中国的外贸发展与外贸体制。每章都配有授课视频、客观测验题和标准答案，学生可以自测每章的学习效果，通过手机扫描二维码实施，既方便又实用。本教材案例多，经贸热点分析多，既适合普通“国际贸易学”课程教学和学生学习使用，也可以作为慕课学习教材使用，而且也适合各类干部培训班作为参考书使用，以及供立志自学成才的青年人自学阅读。

关键词： Trade and climate   Carbon leakage   Border carbon adjustment   Output-based rebates Carbon accounting   Responsibility  

摘要： This paper provides a review of the recent academic literature on how individual countries or regions can successfully implement unilateral climate policies in an increasingly integrated world economy. It first reviews the theory, empirics and future projections of 'carbon leakage', i.e. the notion that more ambitious climate policies will pose an incentive for energy-intensive industries to relocate and thus undo at least some of the achieved emission reductions. It then discusses measures to reduce carbon leakage. These include free allocation of emission permits to firms deemed at risk of carbon leakage, targeted trade policies as well as international cooperation to promote climate policies in third countries. Finally, it provides an overview of the debate on responsibility for trade-related emissions, including production- and consumption-based emission accounting as well as some more recent approaches.

关键词： 国际贸易   贸易实务   高等学校   教材  

ISBN: (纸本)9787576304510

摘要： 本书在结构方面，构建了“课程-项目章节-学习单元-任务情景-任务讲解-任务实训”的逻辑，自上而下形成多级资源架构。在内容方面，充分考虑理论体系完整性问题，选取有代表性的进出口行业，以外贸企业的真实业务案例来诠释一般贸易进出口业务操作的流程和技巧。全书以实际进出口业务的操作技能为主线索，首先将进出口业务全过程分解为13个项目，继而细化项目内容，形成任务单元，并进一步根据任务单元知识元素特性分解为若干具体的任务情景，形成课程情景素材库，通过对任务情景的讲解和任务实训来完成全部的编撰。本书融入了55个数字化新型课程资源元素，涵盖77个技能点及109个知识点。每个知识点的讲解还注重与课程思政内容建设相融合。

关键词： Capital control   Financial vulnerability   International trade  

摘要： Capital control policies have consequences on economic growth and international trade. Using data on 99 countries from 1995-2014, we find evidence that the effect of capital controls on trade vary across industries that have differing levels of external financing and asset tangibility. For exporter countries that tighten capital controls, industries that rely more heavily on external financing experience a larger decline in exports, while industries that possess more tangible assets experience a smaller decline in exports. For importer countries, tighter capital controls imply a decrease in trade, and this effect is uniform across all industries. The pattern with respect to external financing persists after accounting for availability of domestic credit and the differences in industry shares, and are predominantly found in countries with low levels of financial development. On the other hand, the varying effect related to asset tangibility is mostly absorbed by domestic credit market. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Financial stability   Renewable energy   Trade-adjusted carbon emissions   CS-ARDL  

摘要： Financial stability is of great importance especially in the context of achieving sustainable environment. The objective of this study is to fill the research gap in this area by introducing financial stability, international trade, renewable energy, and income as novel determinants of consumption-based carbon emissions. The present study is based on G-7 economies, and the time period is from 1990 to 2018. The present study employed advanced econometric techniques that can deal with problems of slope homogeneity and cross-section dependence. The cointegration analysis results show a stable long-run association between financial stability, renewable energy, international trade, national income, and consumption-based carbon emissions with structural breaks (1994 Italy's fiscal crises, 2001 mild recession, 2008 global financial crises, and 2010 European debt crises). The results show that both in long- and short-run financial stability, exports and renewable energy significantly reduce carbon emissions. In contrast, national income and imports are found to have a significant positive effect on consumption-based carbon emissions. Policymakers in G-7 countries should focus more on financial sector stability and encourage firms to use renewable energy. Any policy that targets financial stability, exports, and renewable energy will significantly reduce carbon emissions. This study is a novel contribution to the area of consumption-based carbon emissions as it incorporates the role of financial stability for G-7 economies.

关键词： Networks   Community detection   Centrality measures   International Trade Network   CP-problem  

摘要： Understanding the structure of communities in a network has a great importance in the economic analysis. Communities are indeed characterized by specific properties, that are different from those of both the individual nodes and the whole network, and they can affect various processes on the network. In the International Trade Network, community detection aims to search sets of countries (or of trade sectors) which have a high intra-cluster connectivity and a low inter-cluster connectivity. In general, exchanges among countries occur according to preferential economic relationships ranging over different sectors. In this paper, we combine community detection with specific topological indicators, such as centrality measures. As a result, a new weighted network is constructed from the original one, in which weights are determined taking into account all the topological indicators in a multi-criteria approach. To solve the resulting Clique Partitioning Problem and find homogeneous group of nations, we use a new fast algorithm, based on quick descents to a local optimal solution. The analysis allows to cluster countries by interconnections, economic power and intensity of trade, giving an important overview on the international trade patterns.

关键词： TCLUST   Forward search   Regression   Clustering   Trimming   Outliers   Multiple start   Monitoring   International trade  

摘要： The purpose of this paper is to show in regression clustering how to choose the most relevant solutions, analyze their stability, and provide information about best combinations of optimal number of groups, restriction factor among the error variance across groups and level of trimming. The procedure is based on two steps. First we generalize the information criteria of constrained robust multivariate clustering to the case of clustering weighted models. Differently from the traditional approaches which are based on the choice of the best solution found minimizing an information criterion (i.e. BIC), we concentrate our attention on the so called optimal stable solutions. In the second step, using the monitoring approach, we select the best value of the trimming factor. Finally, we validate the solution using a confirmatory forward search approach. A motivating example based on a novel dataset concerning the European Union trade of face masks shows the limitations of the current existing procedures. The suggested approach is initially applied to a set of well known datasets in the literature of robust regression clustering. Then, we focus our attention on a set of international trade datasets and we provide a novel informative way of updating the subset in the random start approach. The Supplementary material, in the spirit of the Special Issue, deepens the analysis of trade data and compares the suggested approach with the existing ones available in the literature.

关键词： Trade reform   EU   Panel models   International trade   Central   Eastern and Southeastern European economies (CESEE)   Freedom to trade internationally  

摘要： Free movement of people, goods, services and capital is one of the cornerstones of the European Union (EU). Although various obstacles to free movement still exist, all EU members are dedicated to reducing barriers. While the role of tariffs is gradually declining, other barriers to free movement are becoming increasingly important in recent years. Therefore, this paper focuses on the impact of regulatory trade barriers and controls of the movement of capital and people on international trade of selected Central, Eastern and Southeastern European economies (CESEE), i.e. post-communist economies that eventually became EU members. CESEE economies stem from a centrally-planned economy environment which is why it is particularly interesting to analyse how these countries managed to establish free movement and reduce trade barriers. Employing panel data methodology, the findings of the paper suggest that reducing regulatory trade barriers and controls of the movement of capital and people leads to an increase in international trade. Moreover, accompanying the results of the empirical analysis with the indicators of corruption and ease of doing business highlights the necessity of implementing various structural policies and tackling corruption as a prerequisite of fostering the free movement of people, goods, services and capital.