关键词： Rabbit   neurological disease   examination protocol  

摘要： Up to 11% of rabbit cases in clinical practice present with suspected neurological disease, necessitating a detailed neurological examination. However, neurological evaluations of rabbits are usually based on protocols developed for dogs, and fail to take into account the differences in reaction patterns between prey and predator species. The aim of this study was to report the results of a neurological examination modified for rabbits, so that clinicians might avoid misinterpretation of test results and reduce both the length of the examination and related stress. A neurological examination protocol for rabbits as suggested by Vernau et al. (2007)(1) was tested on 26 healthy rabbits, and the applicability of each test assessed. A number of tests were not found to be useful, e.g., the consensual pupillary light reflex which elicited a response in only 6 of 23 animals. Based on our results, we recommend a rabbit-specific neurological examination, which is shorter and less stressful for the patient. Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： neurology   Oceania   Asia   Child  

摘要： Mandarin, Japanese, and Korean translations of this editorial are available in the online issue.

摘要： The article focuses on a study based on the palliative care needs in oncology, cardiology, and neurology clinic patients in the U.S. It mentions that oncology, cardiology, and neurology professional societies all recommend their members complement usual disease-oriented care with symptomoriented palliative care services for patients with advanced illness. It mentions that rural patients had high rates of oncology advanced illness visits compared to non-rural patients.

摘要： Aim To test the hypothesis that children and young people with neurological conditions who missed outpatient appointments have more emergency inpatient admissions and Accident and Emergency centre (A&E) visits than those who missed none. Method Retrospective cohort of individuals aged up to 19 years with neurological conditions, identified from routine hospital data in England, UK from April 1st, 2003 to March 31st, 2015 using an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, coding framework. Counts of emergency inpatient admissions and A&E visits per person per year were modelled (random intercept negative binomial regression) with outpatient attendance the independent variable of interest. Results The cohort numbered 524 613 individuals. Those who missed outpatient appointments had 19 per cent (95% confidence interval [CI] 18-19) more emergency inpatient admissions and 16 per cent (95% CI 15-17) more A&E visits per year than those who missed none. 'Did not attends' had a larger increase in unplanned health care than patient or provider cancellations. If no appointments were missed, the models predict there would have been 107 000 fewer A&E visits from 2007/2008 to 2014/2015 and 104 000 fewer emergency inpatient admissions from 2003/2004 to 2014/2015. Interpretation Missed outpatient appointments were associated with increased unplanned health care. Improving outpatient attendance may have the potential to reduce emergency inpatient admissions and A&E visits.

关键词： Neurological manifestations   Dengue virus   Zika virus   Chikungunya virus   Yellow fever virus  

摘要： Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya and yellow fever viruses are arboviruses transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. These viruses exhibit marked neurotropism but have rarely been studied. Here, we conduct an integrative review of the neurological manifestations caused by these arboviruses in the pediatric population. Data on patients under 18 years of age were extracted from literature databases. The most frequently reported neurological manifestations were encephalitis, meningitis, seizures, hypotonia, paresis, and behavioral changes. This review highlights the importance of accurately diagnosing these arboviral infections in children and adolescents with neurological manifestations.

关键词： Cannabidivarin   Mecp2 mutant mice   endocannabinoids   BDNF   IGF-1  

摘要： Background: Recent evidence suggests that 2-week treatment with the non-psychotomimetic cannabinoid cannabidivarin (CBDV) could be beneficial towards neurological and social deficits in early symptomatic Mecp2 mutant mice, a model of Rett syndrome (RTT). Aim: The aim of this study was to provide further insights into the efficacy of CBDV in Mecp2-null mice using a lifelong treatment schedule (from 4 to 9 weeks of age) to evaluate its effect on recognition memory and neurological defects in both early and advanced stages of the phenotype progression. Methods: CBDV 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 mg/kg/day was administered to Mecp2-null mice from 4 to 9 weeks of age. Cognitive and neurological defects were monitored during the whole treatment schedule. Biochemical analyses were carried out in brain lysates from 9-week-old wild-type and knockout mice to evaluate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels as well as components of the endocannabinoid system. Results: CBDV rescues recognition memory deficits in Mecp2 mutant mice and delays the appearance of neurological defects. At the biochemical level, it normalizes BDNF/IGF1 levels and the defective PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in Mecp2 mutant mice at an advanced stage of the disease. Mecp2 deletion upregulates CB1 and CB2 receptor levels in the brain and these changes are restored after CBDV treatment. Conclusions: CBDV administration exerts an enduring rescue of memory deficits in Mecp2 mutant mice, an effect that is associated with the normalization of BDNF, IGF-1 and rpS6 phosphorylation levels as well as CB1 and CB2 receptor expression. CBDV delays neurological defects but this effect is only transient.

关键词： deep brain stimulation   neurogenesis   Alzheimer's disease   dementia   learning and memory  

摘要： Acute (e.g., traumatic brain injury or stroke) and chronic (e.g., dementia or Parkinson's disease dementia) neurological disorders that involve cognitive impairment and dysfunctional neural circuits always lead to a dreadful and costly experience for patients and their families. The application of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders has shown great potential to modulate pathological neural circuits and trigger endogenous neurogenesis. We summarize several important clinical and translational studies that utilize deep brain stimulation to improve cognition based on the potentiation of neural plasticity and neurogenesis. In addition, we discuss the neuroanatomy and cerebral circuits implicated in such studies as well as the potential mechanisms underlying therapeutic benefits.

关键词： Acute spinal cord injury   autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cells   conventional treatment   neurological recovery   thoracolumbar injury severity score  

摘要： BACKGROUND: Complete lesion after spinal cord injury (SCI) remains irreversible with little hope of neurological recovery. Newer interventions such as re-stimulation of damaged neurons using artificial agents and the use of stem cells for neuronal regeneration have shown promising results. AIM: This study was undertaken for evaluating the neurological status of acute SCI participants after stem cell augmentation and comparing them with other treatment methods. SETTING AND DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial in the northern Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 193 SCI participants of complete paraplegia with unstable T4-L2 injury having thoracolumbar injury severity score >= 4 were enrolled in this study. Participants were randomly allocated for three different treatment modalities, namely, conventional with stem cell augmentation (Group-1), conventional (Group-2), and conservative (Group-3). Neurological recovery after 1 year was evaluated through the ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS)-grading, sensory, and motor scores. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: T-test for sensory-motor score analysis of each group and analysis of variance for comparison of same variables between the groups. RESULTS: After 1-year significant difference was observed in the AIS-grade, sensory and motor scores in-Group 1 (P < 0.001). In Group-1 versus 2, the mean difference at 1 year for AIS grade, sensory and motor scores were 0.40 (P = 0.010, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.075-0.727), 8.52 (P = 0.030, 95% CI 0.619-16.419), and 4.55(P = 0.003, 95% CI 1.282-7.815), respectively. In Group-1 versus 3, 1.03, 19.02 and 7.22 (P < 0.001 for each of the parameters) and in Group-2 versus 3, 0.63 (P < 0.001), 10.49 (P = 0.009), and 2.68 (P = 0.019), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Significant motor neurological recovery and AIS-grade promotion was observed in Group-1 as compared to Group-2 and 3.

关键词： Interferon-alpha   Inflammation   Germinal matrix hemorrhage   Hydrocephalus   Microglia  

摘要： Neuroinflammation occurs after germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) and induces secondary brain injury. Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in infectious diseases via activating IFNAR and its downstream signaling. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Recombinant human IFN-alpha (rh-IFN-alpha) and the underlying mechanisms in a rat GMH model. Two hundred and eighteen P7 rat pups of both sexes were subjected to GMH by an intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase. Rh-IFN-alpha was administered intraperitoneally. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) of IFNAR, and siRNA of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3) were administered through intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections. JAK1 inhibitor ruxolitinib was given by oral lavage. Post-GMH evaluation included neurobehavioral function, Nissl staining, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. Our results showed that endogenous IFN-alpha and phosphorylated IFNAR levels were increased after GMH. Administration of rh-IFN-alpha improved neurological functions, attenuated neuroinflammation, inhibited microglial activation, and ameliorated post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus after GMH. These observations were concomitant with IFNAR activation, increased expression of phosphorylated JAK1, phosphorylated STAT1 and TRAF3, and decreased levels of phosphorylated NF-kappa B, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Specifically, knockdown of IFNAR, JAK1 and TRAF3 abolished the protective effects of rh-IFN-alpha. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that rh-IFN-alpha treatment attenuated neuroinflammation, neurological deficits and hydrocephalus formation through inhibiting microglial activation after GMH, which might be mediated by IFNAR/JAK1-STAT1/TRAF3/NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Rh-IFN-alpha may be a promising therapeutic agent to attenuate brain injury via its anti-inflammatory effect.

关键词： 神经病学   研究  

ISBN: (纸本)9787539068855

摘要： 本书介绍了神经科临床常见病、多发病的病因、发病机制、临床表现及诊断、鉴别诊断与系统治疗方法，还具体介绍了神经科领域的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能。突出了近年来一批新观念、新理论、新技术在临床上的应用，内容丰富、实用性强。