关键词： somatoform disorders   somatic symptom disorder   functional neurological disorder   medically unexplained symptoms   somatization   DSM-5   conversion disorder  

摘要： The article discusses the criticism of the book 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,' 5th ed., by the American Psychiatric Association for excluding medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Topics mentioned include the reason for the deletion of MUS for nonneurological symptoms and signs, the differences between somatic symptom disorder specified in the book and the suggested somatoform disorders classification, and the role of brain functions in neuropsychiatric conditions.

关键词： Brain injury   Malondialdehyde   Interleukin-1 beta   Apoptosis   Protein carbonyl   Oxidative stress   Inflammation  

摘要： Since no definitive treatment has been suggested for diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI), and also as the effect of exercise has been proven to be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases, the effect of endurance exercise on the complications of TBI along with its possible neuroprotective mechanism was investigated in this study. Our objective was to find out whether previous endurance exercise influences brain edema and neurological outcome in TBI. We also assessed the probable mechanism of endurance exercise effect in TBI. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups of sham, TBI, exercise + sham and exercise + TBI. Endurance exercise was carried out before TBI. Brain edema was assessed by calculating the percentage of brain water content 24 h after the surgery. Neurological outcome was evaluated by obtaining veterinary coma scale (VCS) at - 1, 1, 4 and 24 h after the surgery. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl and histopathological changes were evaluated 24 h after the surgery. Previous exercise prevented the increase in brain water content, MDA level, histopathological edema and apoptosis following TBI. The reduction in VCS in exercise + TBI group was lower than that of TBI group. In addition, a decrease in the level of serum IL-1 beta and the content of brain protein carbonyl was reported in exercise + TBI group in comparison with the TBI group. We suggest that the previous endurance exercise prevents brain edema and improves neurological outcome following diffuse TBI, probably by reducing apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.

关键词： Major depressive disorder   Subjective cognitive impairment   Mild cognitive impairment   Neurocognitive disorder   Neuropsychological testing   Neuroimaging   Psychotherapy   Antidepressants  

摘要： This article covers current research on the relationship between depression and cognitive impairment in older adults. First, it approaches the clinical assessment of late-life depression and comorbid cognitive impairment. Cognitive risk factors for suicide are discussed. Research is then provided on neuropsychological changes associated with depression, discussing subjective cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia profiles. In addition, literature regarding neuroimaging and biomarker findings in depressed older adults is presented. Finally, therapeutic models for treatment of late-life depression are discussed, including psychotherapy models, holistic treatments, pharmacologic approaches, and brain-stimulation therapies.

关键词： Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome   Neuroimaging   Malignant hypertension   Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis  

摘要： Keywords: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; Neuroimaging; Malignant hypertension; Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis EN Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome Neuroimaging Malignant hypertension Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 65 67 3 04/11/20 20200501 NES 200501 This previously well 18-month old girl with no relevant family history was hospitalized with severe hypertension after an atypical presentation with polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss over a six-week period. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Neuroimaging, Malignant hypertension, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. [Extracted from the article]

摘要： Twenty-twenty will be remembered as the year that brought new and unprecedented challenges to the healthcare system worldwide due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Currently, one-third of the world population is living in a coronavirus “lockdown modus” as part of the world’s most massive and restrictive mass quarantine.

摘要： Background Neonatal caffeine treatment might affect brain development. Long-term studies show conflicting results on brain-related outcomes. Herein we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of neonatal caffeine administration in a rabbit model of preterm birth. Methods Preterm (born day 29) and term (day 32) pups were raised by wet nurses and allocated to treatment with saline or caffeine for 7 or 17 days. At pre-puberty, neurobehavioral tests were performed and brains were harvested for immunostaining of neurons, synapses, myelin, and astrocytes. Results Survival was lower in preterm saline pups than in controls, whereas caffeine-treated preterm pups did not differ from term control pups. Preterm saline pups covered less distance compared to controls and were more likely to stay in the peripheral zone of the open field. Corresponding differences were not seen in preterm caffeine pups. Preterm animals had lower neuron density compared to controls, which was not influenced by caffeine treatment. Synaptic density, astrocytes, and myelin were not different between groups. Conclusion Caffeine appeared to be safe. All preterm rabbits had lower neuron density but anxious behavior seen in preterm saline rabbits was not seen in caffeine-treated preterm pups.

关键词： electroencephalography   evoked potentials   functional magnetic resonance imaging   minimally conscious state   positron emission tomography   resting state fMRI   transcranial magnetic stimulation   traumatic brain injury   unresponsive wakefulness syndrome   vegetative state  

摘要： Background and purpose Patients with acquired brain injury and acute or prolonged disorders of consciousness (DoC) are challenging. Evidence to support diagnostic decisions on coma and other DoC is limited but accumulating. This guideline provides the state-of-the-art evidence regarding the diagnosis of DoC, summarizing data from bedside examination techniques, functional neuroimaging and electroencephalography (EEG). Methods Sixteen members of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) Scientific Panel on Coma and Chronic Disorders of Consciousness, representing 10 European countries, reviewed the scientific evidence for the evaluation of coma and other DoC using standard bibliographic measures. Recommendations followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The guideline was endorsed by the EAN. Results Besides a comprehensive neurological examination, the following suggestions are made: probe for voluntary eye movements using a mirror;repeat clinical assessments in the subacute and chronic setting, using the Coma Recovery Scale - Revised;use the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness score instead of the Glasgow Coma Scale in the acute setting;obtain clinical standard EEG;search for sleep patterns on EEG, particularly rapid eye movement sleep and slow-wave sleep;and, whenever feasible, consider positron emission tomography, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), active fMRI or EEG paradigms and quantitative analysis of high-density EEG to complement behavioral assessment in patients without command following at the bedside. Conclusions Standardized clinical evaluation, EEG-based techniques and functional neuroimaging should be integrated for multimodal evaluation of patients with DoC. The state of consciousness should be classified according to the highest level revealed by any of these three approaches.

关键词： Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest   Child   Prognosis   Electroencephalography   Computed tomography  

摘要： The prognosis of patients who are comatose after resuscitation remains uncertain. The accurate prediction of neurological outcome is important for management decisions and counseling. A neurological examination is an important factor for prognosti-cation, but widely used sedatives alter the neurological examination and delay the response recovery. Additional studies including electroencephalography, somatosen-sory-evoked potentials, brain imaging, and blood bio-markers are useful for evaluating the extent of brain injury. This review aimed to assess the usefulness of and provide practical prognostic strategy for pediatric post-resuscitation patients. The principles of prognostication are that the assessment should be delayed until at least 72 hours after cardiac arrest and the assessment should be multimodal. Furthermore, multiple factors including unmeasured confounders in individual patients should be considered when applying the prognostication strategy.

关键词： Cardiac arrest   Prognosis   Cerebral oxyhemoglobin   Wavelet phase coherence   Functional near-infrared spectroscopy   Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury  

摘要： Background The prognosis for cardiac arrest (CA) is associated with the degree of cerebral ischemia. We investigated the relationship between the wavelet coherence of cerebral oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂) among different channels and outcomes after CA. Moreover, we aimed to develop a prognostication method after *** Eighty-three post-resuscitation patients were included. The HbO₂ data were collected during the post-resuscitation period (median day, 1) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The coherence between sections of prefrontal HbO₂ oscillations in five frequency intervals (I, 0.6-2 Hz; II, 0.15-0.6 Hz; III, 0.05-0.15 Hz; IV, 0.02-0.05 Hz; and V, 0.0095-0.02 Hz) were analyzed. We evaluated the outcomes using cerebral performance category (CPC) scores (good outcome, CPC ≤ 2 and poor outcome, CPC ≥ 3) at 3 months after CA. Additionally, the predictive method was developed using the biomarker and coherence value after *** Among the included patients, 19 patients (22.9%) had a good outcome. Poor outcome group had significantly lower phase coherence in the myogenic frequency interval III compared to good outcome group (0.36 ± 0.14 vs. 0.54 ± 0.18, P < 0.001). The predictive method using neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and interval III value demonstrated good discrimination (area under the curve 0.919; 95% confidence interval, 0.850-0.989).Conclusions The predictive method using NSE and phase coherence of HbO₂ in the interval III from the vascular smooth muscle cells could be a useful tool for prognosticating after CA. This suggests that evaluating cerebral ischemia using phase coherence of HbO₂ might be a helpful outcome predictor following CA.