关键词： Gravity   Robots   Mathematical model   Vegetation   Medical treatment   Solid modeling   Mechatronics  

摘要： Robotic rehabilitation for poststroke therapies is an emerging new domain of application for robotics with proven success stories and clinical studies. New robotic devices and software applications are hitting the market, with the aim of assisting specialists carrying out physical therapies and even patients exercising at home. Rehabilitation robots are designed to assist patients performing repetitive movements with their hemiparetic limbs to regain motion. A successful robotic device for rehabilitation demands high workspace and force feedback capabilities similar to a human physiotherapist. These desired features are usually achieved at the expense of other important requirements, such as transparency and backdrivability, degrading the overall human-machine interaction experience.

关键词： neurological disorders   nutraceuticals   herbal therapeutics   food supplements   neurodegeneration  

摘要： Neurological diseases are one of the major healthcare issues worldwide. Posed lifestyle changes are associated with drastically increased risk of chronic illness and diseases, posing a substantial healthcare and financial burden to society globally. Researchers aim to provide fine treatment for ailing disorders with minimal exposed side effects. In recent decades, several studies on functional foods have been initiated to obtain foods that have fewer side effects and increased therapeutic activity. Hence, an attempt has been made to unravel several extraction techniques to acquire essential bioactive compounds or phytochemicals from therapeutically active food products. This has led to the conception of the term functional foods being meddled with other similar terms like "pharmafoods," "medifoods", "vitafoods", or "medicinal foods". With a dire need to adhere towards healthy options, the demand of nutraceuticals is widely increasing to combat neurological interventions. An association between food habits and the individual lifestyle with neurodegeneration has been manifested, thereby proposing the role of nutraceuticals as prophylactic treatment for neurological interventions. The current review covers some of the major neurological disorders and nutraceutical therapy in the prevention of disease.

关键词： Stroke   Insulin resistance   Early neurological deterioration  

摘要： Background The role of insulin resistance (IR) in stroke prognosis remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between IR and the risk of early neurological deterioration (END) in non-diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of non-diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke enrolled in the prospective multicenter ACROSS-China study. The homeostasis model assessment 2 (HOMA2-IR) was evaluated and the patients were divided into HOMA2-IR quartiles (Q1 0-1.24, Q2 1.25-1.95, Q3 1.96-2.96, Q4 >= 2.97). END was defined as an increment in total National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) of >= 2 points or >= 4 points on day 14 +/- 3 after stroke onset. Logistic regression was performed to explore the relationship between HOMA2-IR and END. Results Finally, 556 patients were included (63.7 +/- 12.9 years, 64.6% male);thirty-three patients developed END. The median HOMA2-IR of all patients was 1.95 (inter-quartile = 1.24-2.96). There were 148, 135, 130, and 143 patients in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively. Compared with Q1, END (NIHSS >= 2) risk was increased in Q4: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 6.051, 95% CI = 1.638-22.354, P = 0.0069. In additon, END (NIHSS >= 2) risk was increased in Q4 compared with the Q1-Q3 combined group: adjusted OR = 2.853, 95% CI = 1.308-6.224, P = 0.0084. END (NIHSS >= 4) risk was also increased in Q4: adjusted OR = 7.507, 95% CI = 2.357-23.906, P = 0.0006) compared with the Q1-Q3 combined group. Conclusion This study strongly suggests that IR is probably an independent risk factor for END in non-diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke.

关键词： nociceptive   neuropathic   inflammatory   behavioral study   phasic pain   tonic and viscera pain   analgesic profile  

摘要： Pain is the most common sensation installed in us naturally which plays a vital role in defending us against severe harm. This neurological mechanism pathway has been one of the most complex and comprehensive topics but there has never been an elaborate justification of the types of analgesics that used to reduce the pain sensation through which specific pathways. Of course, there have been some answers to curbing of pain which is a lifesaver in numerous situations-chronic and acute pain conditions alike. This has been explored by scientists using pain-like behavioral study methodologies in non-anesthetized animals since decades ago to characterize the analgesic profile such as centrally or peripherally acting drugs and allowing for the development of analgesics. However, widely the methodology is being practiced such as the tail flick/Hargreaves test and Von Frey/Randall-Selitto tests which are stimulus-evoked nociception studies, and there has rarely been a complete review of all these methodologies, their benefits and its downside coupled with the mechanism of the action that is involved. Thus, this review solely focused on the complete protocol that is being adapted in each behavioral study methods induced by different phlogogenic agents, the different assessment methods used for phasic, tonic and inflammatory pain studies and the proposed mechanism of action underlying each behavioral study methodology for analgesic drug profiling. It is our belief that this review could significantly provide a concise idea and improve our scientists' understanding towards pain management in future research.

关键词： Medical student education   Medical student mentorship   Medical student research   Neurosurgery interest group   Organized neurosurgery  

摘要： Background In 2014, the Young Neurosurgeons Committee under the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) began allowing medical schools to create AANS Medical Student Chapters. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of these chapters on participation in organized neurosurgery, research productivity, and residency match *** Chapter membership and activity data were collected and analyzed from 2014-2019 annual *** The number of chapters increased rapidly during 2014-2019 from 12 to 121. The mean number of chapter members attending the AANS annual meeting trended upward during 2014-2019, from 1.25 to 1.67. Neurosurgery-related abstracts submitted, abstracts accepted, and publications authored by chapters have fluctuated with yearly means of 1.96, 1.76, and 9.29, respectively. Chapters from top 20 medical schools generally attended the annual meeting in greater numbers (2017-2018: 3.00 vs. 1.32, P = 0.076; 2018-2019: 2.92 vs. 1.43, P = 0.025), submitted more abstracts (2017-2018: 4.20 vs. 1.10, P = 0.021; 2018-2019: 4.09 vs. 1.87, P = 0.066), and had more abstracts accepted (2017-2018: 3.00 vs. 1.05, P = 0.043; 2018-2019: 3.63 vs. 1.81, P = 0.09). Chapters with high residency match success had a higher number of publications (11.4 vs. 3.3, P = 0.03) and twice the number of members attending the annual meeting (1.9 vs. 0.9, P = 0.01).Conclusions Since their inception, AANS Medical Student Chapters have demonstrated substantial research productivity and involvement in organized neurosurgery. Furthermore, there is an association between higher chapter activity, manifested by publications and annual meeting attendance, and increased residency match success.

关键词： Pulse width modulation   Legged locomotion   Fatigue   Multiple sclerosis   Stability criteria   Principal component analysis   Multiple sclerosis   postural balance   gait disorders   nonlinear dynamics   assessment in rehabilitation  

摘要： Poor dynamic balance, such as poor walking stability, is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis. Instrumental measures of local dynamic stability (LDS, e.g. short-term Lyapunov's exponents, sLyEs) are genuine measures of walking stability and increasingly used as dynamic balance indicators. The current work aims to investigate if people with multiple sclerosis (PWMS) with no clinical evidence of gait impairment suffer poor LDS of gait. Eighty PWMS with minimal impairment (EDSS <= 2.5) and twenty controls completed the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at their maximum speed, wearing inertial sensors. sLyEs were calculated from trunk vertical, mediolateral and anteroposterior (sLyE(AP)) acceleration. PWMS also completed a full clinical assessment including gait, balance and fatigue. Gait speed was lower in PWMS than controls (-15%), while sLyEs were larger in PWMS (+12%), even when adjusting for the different gait speed. High sLyE(AP) was associated with low gait speed, high impact of disease (including high fatigue) and poor balance, the three variables returned by a principal component analysis of the dataset of clinical measures. PWMS suffer poor LDS of gait, as indicated by large sLyEs. The association between high sLyE(AP) and poor balance supports the validity of sLyE(AP) as a dynamic balance measure. The inverse relationship between sLyE(AP) and gait speed is in line with the view that good balance is decisive for high gait speed. Finally, these findings are in line with the vicious circle linking poor balance and fatigue in PWMS, with fatigue worsening balance and poor balance leading to fatigue.

关键词： Fatigue   Excessive daytime sleepiness   Parkinson disease   Epilepsy   Headache   Dementia   Myotonic dystrophies  

摘要： Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and fatigue are some of the most frequent symptoms in neurological diseases and could impact on quality of life by increasing the risk of accidents and generally affecting daily life activities. In this review, we will examine the variety of causes responsible for EDS in neurological diseases, including nocturnal sleep alterations, CNS pathological abnormalities with alterations in arousal and/or REM regulation systems, circadian rhythms disorders, drugs, and comorbid psychiatric or primary sleep disorders. Among neurological diseases, epilepsy, dementia, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and myotonic dystrophies represented a model for these interactions between EDS and neurological diseases. A complete diagnostic workup in neurological patients with EDS should be undertaken since EDS can worsen many different aspects such as psychiatric symptoms, cognitive deficit, and in some cases, the severity of the neurological disease per se. Moreover, quality of life and risk of accidents are dependent on EDS. An individualized approach to this symptom in neurological patients should be considered with a focus on modifiable causes such as SDB, psychiatric comorbidities, and drugs. When considering EDS and fatigue in neurological diseases, close attention to lifestyle and sleep hygiene is advisable. A critical review of ongoing pharmacological therapy should not be overlooked. Possible diagnosis and treatment of SDB should be always considered.