关键词： nanocarrier   FTY-720   particle size   neuritogenesis   integrin alpha 5  

摘要： Neurological disorders and diseases are on the rise in the world, while pharmacists are being encouraged to encapsulate drugs into the nanocarriers. The critical key question is which size of nanocarrier has a promising neurotherapeutic effect. In the present study, FTY-720, an FDA approved drug, was encapsulated into O/W nanocarriers. SEM and DLS data indicated in ultrasonication and stirring methods resulted in spherical nanocarriers with a particle size of 60 and 195 nm (nF60 and nF195), respectively. Further to investigate the effect of particle size on neuronal cells, MTT assay, PI flow-cytometry, LDH release, and NO production examinations were performed. Results showed that small nanocarriers increased cell viability along with the decline of dead cells, while both nanocarriers decreased LDH release and NO production as compared to the conventional drug. Notably, qRT-PCR and western blotting data related to apoptotic markers indicated in the increase of cell mortality in cells treated by nF190 was not due to the increase of apoptosis and Bax/Bcl2 ratio. It is worth mentioning that integrin alpha 5 as a cell surface receptor involves in neuritogenesis was over-expressed in neuronal cells treated by small nanocarriers. However, nF60 increased PTK2 over-expression along with neurite outgrowth, as well. In other words, nanocarriers at the size of 60 nm are preferred to 195 nm as a drug carrier in neurotherapy due to profound impacts on neural cells. Thanks to small nanocarrier broad positive action on neural viability and neurite outgrowth. The present study discloses a pharmaceutical strategy to design drugs based on their particle size efficiency.

关键词： neurology speciality   psychiatry specialty   philosophy   humanities   postgraduate education  

摘要： This Viewpoint reviews the historical convergence and then divergence of psychiatry and neurology as clinical disciplines and calls for a transformation of graduate and postgraduate education to integrate the two and span intersections of the humanities, philosophy, and science.

关键词： Stem cells   Stroke   Functional recovery  

摘要： Background The evidence on the efficacy of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) in the treatment of stroke is controversial. Therefore, the aim of present systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of ADSCs administration in the treatment of animal models of ischemic stroke. Methods An extensive search was performed on electronic databases of Medline, Embase, Scopus, CENTRAL and Web of Science until December 31, 2018. Animal studies that used ADSCs in treatment of ischemic stroke were included. The data were recorded as mean and standard deviation and then a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was reported. Results Twenty articles were included in the present meta-analysis. It was observed that administration of ADSCs improves motor function (SMD = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.67 to 3.37,p < 0.0001) and neurological status (SMD = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.33 to 2.78,p < 0.0001) in animals following an ischemic stroke. Multivariate meta-regression showed the model of stroke induction (p = 0.017) and the number of transplanted cells (p = 0.007) affect the efficacy of ADSCs administration on motor function improvement following the stroke. Conclusion Moderate to high levels of evidence indicate a strong efficacy of ADSCs transplantation on motor function and neurological improvement following ischemic stroke in animal models. However, no reports regarding the dose-response effect of ADSCs administration on stroke exist in the literature. As a result, further pre-clinical studies are recommended to be conducted on the matter.

关键词： ACE2   Brain   COVID-19   Spike Protein  

摘要： Spike protein (S protein) is the virus "key" to infect cells and is able to strongly bind to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2), as has been reported. In fact, Spike structure and function is known to be highly important for cell infection as well as for entering the brain. Growing evidence indicates that different types of coronaviruses not only affect the respiratory system, but they might also invade the central nervous system (CNS). However, very little evidence has been so far reported on the presence of COVID-19 in the brain, and the potential exploitation, by this virus, of the lung to brain axis to reach neurons has not been completely understood. In this Article, we assessed the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein sequence, structure, and electrostatic potential using computational approaches. Our results showed that the S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are highly similar, sharing a sequence identity of 77%. In addition, we found that the SARS-CoV-2 S protein is slightly more positively charged than that of SARS-CoV since it contains four more positively charged residues and five less negatively charged residues which may lead to an increased affinity to bind to negatively charged regions of other molecules through nonspecific and specific interactions. Analysis the S protein binding to the host ACE2 receptor showed a 30% higher binding energy for SARS-CoV-2 than for the SARS-CoV S protein. These results might be useful for understanding the mechanism of cell entry, blood-brain barrier crossing, and clinical features related to the CNS infection by SARS-CoV-2.

关键词： Analytical methods   Dopamine   Plasma   Neurological disorders  

摘要： Since dopamine (DA) was discovered as an essential neurotransmitter, with a profound impact on motor control, memory, and behavioral impulses, the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders have been associated with the dysfunction of the dopaminergic system. Regarding this, the most common drugs used to treat these pathologies act on the dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, the measurement of DA and its precursors and metabolites levels can be a useful tool to help the diagnosis and development of targeted therapeutic approaches to neurological disorders. Furthermore, monitoring and detecting DA metabolism (DA, precursors, and metabolites) in biological samples, like plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, constitute an interesting subject from a clinical perspective. However, the development of suitable and efficient methods to determine these compounds in biological samples remains a challenge. Thus, this review provides an overview of the recent advances and available methodologies to quantify DA and its precursors and metabolites in plasma samples focusing on previous reports which used less than two milliliters. Also, it deals with the actual extraction and separation techniques, as well as detection modes;and it gives a perspective, on the present-day, about the use of analytical methods as a helpful tool to improve diagnosis. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 神经病学   CBL教学法   PBL教学法   RPT教学法   见习教学  

摘要： 目的探索CBL+PBL+RPT教学法应用于MBBS留学生神经病学见习教学的效果。方法以昆明医科大学2015级MBBS留学生为研究对象,试验组27人采用CBL+PBL+RPT教学法,对照组27人采用传统见习教学法。使用Mini-CEX临床技能评价量表评价两组学生的见习效果。结果试验组病史询问、临床判断、组织效能和整体表现评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CBL+PBL+RPT教学法可明显提高MBBS留学生神经病学见习效果,值得推广。

关键词： education   teleneurology   telehealth   telemedicine  

摘要： Background:With increasing demand for neurologists, nontraditional health care delivery mechanisms have been developed to leverage this limited resource. Introduction:Telemedicine has emerged as an effective digital solution. Over the past three decades, telemedicine use has steadily grown;however, neurologists often learn on the job, rather than as part of their medical training. The current literature regarding telestroke training during neurology training is sparse, focusing on cerebrovascular fellowship curricula. We sought to enhance telestroke training in our neurology residency by incorporating real-life application. Materials and Methods:We implemented a formal educational model for neurology residents to use telemedicine for remote acquisition of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) for patients with suspected acute ischemic stroke (AIS) before arrival at our comprehensive stroke center. This three-phase educational model involved multidisciplinary classroom didactics, simulation exercises, and real-world experience. Training and feedback were provided by neurologists experienced in telemedicine. Results:All residents completed formal training in telemedicine prehospital NIHSS acquisition and had the opportunity to participate in additional simulation exercises. Currently, residents are gaining additional experience by performing prehospital NIHSS acquisition for patients in whom AIS is suspected. Our preliminary data indicate that resident video encounters average 10.6 min in duration, thus saving time once patients arrive at our hospital. Discussion:To our knowledge, this is the first report of a telestroke-integrated neurology residency program in a comprehensive stroke center resulting in shortened time to treatment in patients with suspected AIS. Conclusions:We present a model that can be adopted by other neurology residency programs as it provides real-world telemedicine training critical to future neurologists.

关键词： intracerebral hemorrhage   arundic acid (ONO-2506)   astrocyte   S100B   neuroprotection  

摘要： Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and neurological morbidity. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has the poorest prognosis among all stroke subtypes and no treatment has been effective in improving outcomes. Following ICH, the observed high levels of S100B protein have been associated with worsening of injury and neurological deficits. Arundic acid (AA) exerts neuroprotective effects through inhibition of astrocytic synthesis of S100B in some models of experimental brain injury;however, it has not been studied in ICH. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of AA in male Wistar rats submitted to ICH model assessing the following variables: reactive astrogliosis, S100B levels, antioxidant defenses, cell death, lesion extension and neurological function. Firstly, AA was injected at different doses (0.02, 0.2, 2 and 20 mu g/mu l) in the left lateral ventricle in order to observe which dose would decrease GFAP and S100B striatal levels in non-injured rats. Following determination of the effective dose, ICH damage was induced by IV-S collagenase intrastrial injection and 2 mu g/mu l AA was injected through ICV route immediately before injury. AA treatment prevented ICH-induced neurological deficits and tissue damage, inhibited excessive astrocytic activation and cellular apoptosis, reduced peripheral and central S100B levels (in striatum, serum and cerebrospinal fluid), improved neuronal survival and enhanced the antioxidant defences after injury. Altogether, these results suggest that S100B is a viable target for treating ICH and highlight AA as an interesting strategy for improving neurological outcome after experimental brain hemorrhage. (C) 2020 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 临床神经病学   微信公众平台   信息反馈   微信号   三种方式   杂志  

摘要： 为了加强与广大读者、作者以及专家的沟通,及时进行信息反馈,《临床神经病学杂志》微信公众平台于2015年8月正式开通,欢迎大家关注!您可通过以下三种方式关注《临床神经病学杂志》微信公众平台:1、搜索公众订阅号名称"临床神经病学杂志"添加关注;2、搜索微信号"lcsjbx"添加关注;3、扫描位于本刊目次页右上角的微信二维码。

关键词： 神经病学   MOOC   CBL   腰椎穿刺术  

摘要： 目的:探讨MOOC联合CBL教学法在神经病学临床教学中的效果。方法:60名本科生随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组采用MOOC联合CBL教学法,对照组采用传统教学法。应用问卷调查和考试成绩评价教学效果。结果:实验组好评率和总成绩均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:MOOC联合CBL教学法能够提高学生的学习热情和思考能力,提高神经病学的教学质量。