关键词： CNS lymphoma   Neurolymphomatosis   CNS demyelinating disease   Inflammatory transverse myelitis   Atypical parkinsonism  

摘要： Background Lymphoma of the nervous system is rare and usually involves the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. Hence, it has varied clinical presentations, and correct diagnosis is often challenging. Incorrect diagnosis delays the appropriate treatment and affects prognosis. We report 5 patients with delayed diagnosis of lymphoma involving the central and/or peripheral nervous system, initially evaluated for other neurological diagnoses. We also discuss the challenge of diagnosis and appropriate testing. Methods Retrospective review of 2011-2019 records of patients with confirmed nervous system lymphoma diagnosed in a tertiary care medical center. Results We present 5 adult patients initially evaluated for inflammatory myelopathy, inflammatory lumbosacral plexopathy, atypical parkinsonism, and demyelinating disease of the CNS. Final diagnosis of the nervous system lymphoma was delayed by 4 to 18 months and was based on tissue biopsy in 4, and on CSF and bone marrow examination in 1 patient. Conclusions Lymphoma may imitate various central and peripheral nervous system disorders. We suggest several red flags that indicate the need to consider lymphoma, including subacute but progressive symptomatic evolution, painful neurological deficit, unclear clinical diagnosis, and transient steroid responsiveness. Correct diagnosis often requires a combination of diagnostic tests, while pathology testing is crucial for early diagnosis and is strongly recommended in the appropriate clinical setting.

关键词： Ferulic acid   Epilepsy   Depression   Ischemia‐   reperfusion injury   Parkinson’   s disease   Alzheimer’   s disease  

摘要： Ferulic acid is being screened in preclinical settings to combat various neurological disorders. It is a naturally occurring dietary flavonoid commonly found in grains, fruits, and vegetables such as rice, wheat, oats, tomatoes, sweet corn etc., which exhibits protective effects against a number of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, depression, ischemia-reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Ferulic acid prevents and treats different neurological diseases pertaining to its potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, beside modulating unique neuro-signaling pathways. It stays in the bloodstream for longer periods than other dietary polyphenols and antioxidants and easily crosses blood brain barrier. The use of novel drug delivery systems such as solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) or its salt forms (sodium ferulate, ethyl ferulate, and isopentyl ferulate) further enhance its bioavailability and cerebral penetration. Based on reported studies, ferulic acid appears to be a promising molecule for treatment of neurological disorders;however, more preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) mechanism-based studies should be planned and conceived followed by its testing in clinical settings.

关键词： CT angiography   Diagnosis   Head and neck MRA images   Ischemic stroke   Nerve function recovery  

摘要： BACKGROUND: This paper uses head and neck magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images in the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), as well as the neurologic rehabilitation and the effect of rehabilitation treatment in patients with acute stroke. METHODS: We used computed tomography and head and neck MRA images to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of AIS. We measured the parameters of cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, mean transit time, and peak transit time, and evaluated the degree of cerebral artery stenosis. We also analyzed the changes in these parameters in different diseased brain tissues and their correlation with the degree of cerebral artery stenosis. We used comprehensive rehabilitation care interventions on patients. RESULTS: Among 294 patients, 253 (86.05%) were finally diagnosed with AIS. The sensitivity and specificity of head and neck MRA images were 85.37% and 92.68%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Examination can effectively assess cerebral hemodynamic changes, the severity of ischemia, and accurately distinguish between infarct area and penumbra. MRA images of the head and neck can accurately detect the location and degree of cerebral artery stenosis. The combination of the two methods can not only accurately diagnose AIS, but also evaluate the condition and efficacy of the disease, and provide an imaging basis for the clinical choice of reasonable treatment options. Comprehensive rehabilitation care can significantly improve the neurologic function and quality of life of prospective patients.

关键词： Neurological evaluation   Physiological evaluation   Systematic review   Usability   User-experience   Human-computer interaction  

摘要： Usability and user-experience (UX) are one of the key concerns for information systems' development;while the practice of evaluating usability and UX has emerged gradually. Among different criteria of UX and usability evaluation, neurological and physiological measures influence user perspectives. This article is a systematic literature review providing a comprehensive review on evaluating usability and UX using neurological and physiological measures of information systems. The existing research regarding these measures for evaluating IT systems' UX and usability have been explored methodically. An exhaustive search of 957 articles resulted in meticulous screening of 180 articles and finally 27 articles were reviewed. The findings reveal, neurological and/or physiological measure-based UX evaluation has become a concerning issue for information systems over the years and the outcomes are inclined towards evaluation oriented guidelines. Advertising, gaming and e-commerce applications are widely evaluated application areas, while web-based platforms are mostly evaluated for such. The review conveys a number of recommendations for potential future research opportunities related to a variety of application context, UX/usability evaluation measures, evaluation approaches and the likes. The implications of this review is expected to open a gateway for many productive research works in the field of HCl concerning neurological and physiological measures. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： deglutition   deglutition disorders   elderly   swallowing disorders  

摘要： Several studies report that 40% to 60% of older people have some difficulty chewing and/or swallowing, which can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, weight loss, a lack of eating desire, etc. Identify older adults with swallowing difficulties in the city of Santos, Brazil, among users of the public healthcare system. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 individuals aged 60 to 90 years with no neurological disorders. Patient histories were taken, and stomatognathic evaluations were performed. The Mini Mental Health Examination (MMHE) and swallowing-related quality-of-life questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) were administered. The clinical swallowing assessment was performed with liquid, pasty and solid foods using two assessment protocols (Dysphagia Risk Evaluation Protocol and the Protocol for the Introduction and Transition of Foods)'. We found complaints of poorly adapted dentures among 49.3% of denture wearers and a high prevalence of hypofunction of oro-facial muscles. Sixty-five per cent of the respondents had facial muscle hypofunction, 51% exhibited lip hypofunction, and 49% exhibited tongue hypofunction. Moreover, 54% reported difficulty swallowing. On the SWAL-QOL questionnaire, 37% reported choking when eating food, 44% reported choking when drinking liquids, 29% reported coughing during meals, and 77% reported difficulty chewing. The present study revealed an important prevalence of complaints related to swallowing difficulties among older people in the city of Santos with structural and physiological changes characteristic of presbyphagia. The most prevalent conditions were poorly adapted dentures and hypofunction of oro-facial muscles, underscoring the importance of stomatognathic interventions in primary care.

关键词： Functional neurological disorder   Conversion disorder   Neuroimaging   fMRI   MRI   DTI  

摘要： Functional neurological disorder (FND) was of great interest to early clinical neuroscience leaders. During the 20th century, neurology and psychiatry grew apart - leaving FND a borderland condition. Fortunately, a renaissance has occurred in the last two decades, fostered by increased recognition that FND is prevalent and diagnosed using "rule-in" examination signs. The parallel use of scientific tools to bridge brain structure function relationships has helped refine an integrated biopsychosocial framework through which to conceptualize FND. In particular, a growing number of quality neuroimaging studies using a variety of methodologies have shed light on the emerging pathophysiology of FND. This renewed scientific interest has occurred in parallel with enhanced interdisciplinary collaborations, as illustrated by new care models combining psychological and physical therapies and the creation of a new multidisciplinary FND society supporting knowledge dissemination in the field. Within this context, this article summarizes the output of the first International FND Neuroimaging Workgroup meeting, held virtually, on June 17th, 2020 to appraise the state of neuroimaging research in the field and to catalyze large-scale collaborations. We first briefly summarize neural circuit models of FND, and then detail the research approaches used to date in FND within core content areas: cohort characterization;control group considerations;task-based functional neuroimaging;resting-state networks;structural neuroimaging;biomarkers of symptom severity and risk of illness;and predictors of treatment response and prognosis. Lastly, we outline a neuroimaging-focused research agenda to elucidate the pathophysiology of FND and aid the development of novel biologically and psychologically-informed treatments.

关键词： Artificial intelligence   Machine learning   Deep learning   Neurological disorders   Stroke   Epilepsy   SUDEP   Movement disorders   Concussion   Alzheimer’   s disease   Technology  

摘要： Background Artificial intelligence (AI) has influenced all aspects of human life and neurology is no exception to this growing trend. The aim of this paper is to guide medical practitioners on the relevant aspects of artificial intelligence, i.e., machine learning, and deep learning, to review the development of technological advancement equipped with AI, and to elucidate how machine learning can revolutionize the management of neurological diseases. This review focuses on unsupervised aspects of machine learning, and how these aspects could be applied to precision neurology to improve patient outcomes. We have mentioned various forms of available AI, prior research, outcomes, benefits and limitations of AI, effective accessibility and future of AI, keeping the current burden of neurological disorders in mind. Discussion The smart device system to monitor tremors and to recognize its phenotypes for better outcomes of deep brain stimulation, applications evaluating fine motor functions, AI integrated electroencephalogram learning to diagnose epilepsy and psychological non-epileptic seizure, predict outcome of seizure surgeries, recognize patterns of autonomic instability to prevent sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), identify the pattern of complex algorithm in neuroimaging classifying cognitive impairment, differentiating and classifying concussion phenotypes, smartwatches monitoring atrial fibrillation to prevent strokes, and prediction of prognosis in dementia are unique examples of experimental utilizations of AI in the field of neurology. Though there are obvious limitations of AI, the general consensus among several nationwide studies is that this new technology has the ability to improve the prognosis of neurological disorders and as a result should become a staple in the medical community. Conclusion AI not only helps to analyze medical data in disease prevention, diagnosis, patient monitoring, and development of new protocols, but can also assist cl

关键词： Oligodendrocyte precursor cell   Oxidative stress   Carbonyl stress   Neurodegeneration   Myelination  

摘要： Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) account for 5% of the resident parenchymal central nervous system glial cells. OPCs are not only a back-up for the loss of oligodendrocytes that occurs due to brain injury or inflammation-induced demyelination (remyelination) but are also pivotal in plastic processes such as learning and memory (adaptive myelination). OPC differentiation into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes is controlled by a complex transcriptional network and depends on high metabolic and mitochondrial demand. Mounting evidence shows that OPC dysfunction, culminating in the lack of OPC differentiation, mediates the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Importantly, neurodegeneration is characterised by oxidative and carbonyl stress, which may primarily affect OPC plasticity due to the high metabolic demand and a limited antioxidant capacity associated with this cell type. The underlying mechanisms of how oxidative/carbonyl stress disrupt OPC differentiation remain enigmatic and a focus of current research efforts. This review proposes a role for oxidative/carbonyl stress in interfering with the transcriptional and metabolic changes required for OPC differentiation. In particular, oligodendrocyte (epi)genetics, cellular defence and repair responses, mitochondrial signalling and respiration, and lipid metabolism represent key mechanisms how oxidative/carbonyl stress may hamper OPC differentiation in neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding how oxidative/carbonyl stress impacts OPC function may pave the way for future OPC-targeted treatment strategies in neurodegenerative disorders.

关键词： Alzheimer&apos   s   CNS   MPS   organ‐   on‐   chip   Parkinson&apos   s   stroke  

摘要： Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second largest cause of death worldwide. Despite significant research efforts, neurology remains one of the most failure-prone areas of drug development. The complexity of the human brain, boundaries to examining the brain directly in vivo, and the significant evolutionary gap between animal models and humans, all serve to hamper translational success. Recent advances in microfluidic in vitro models have provided new opportunities to study human cells with enhanced physiological relevance. The ability to precisely micro-engineer cell-scale architecture, tailoring form and function, has allowed for detailed dissection of cell biology using microphysiological systems (MPS) of varying complexities from single cell systems to "Organ-on-chip" models. Simplified neuronal networks have allowed for unique insights into neuronal transport and neurogenesis, while more complex 3D heterotypic cellular models such as neurovascular unit mimetics and "Organ-on-chip" systems have enabled new understanding of metabolic coupling and blood-brain barrier transport. These systems are now being developed beyond MPS toward disease specific micro-pathophysiological systems, moving from "Organ-on-chip" to "Disease-on-chip." This review gives an outline of current state of the art in microfluidic technologies for neurological disease research, discussing the challenges and limitations while highlighting the benefits and potential of integrating technologies. We provide examples of where such toolsets have enabled novel insights and how these technologies may empower future investigation into neurological diseases.