关键词： anti-inflammation   anti-oxidative therapy   nanomedicine   neural regeneration   neutrophil membrane   neutrophils   spinal cord injury  

摘要： Following spinal cord injury (SCI), immune cell infiltration creates an inflammatory and oxidative microenvironment (known as the secondary injury), which causes neuron death and spinal cord damage, and dramatically hinders neurological functional recovery. Strategies that inhibit the infiltration and/or function of neutrophils offer promises for SCI treatment because they can reduce the secondary injury;however, such strategies remain largely unexplored. Herein, a strategy using neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles (NPs) as decoys (neutrophil decoy, ND) is presented to reduce local neutrophil infiltration and relieve oxidative stress in the injured spinal cord after SCI. Coated with membranes of activated neutrophils, the NDs inherit multiple receptors from the "parent" neutrophils, which can adsorb and neutralize the elevated neutrophil-related cytokines. In addition, polydopamine NPs with multi-antioxidative properties (selected as the core for ND) scavenge excessive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In a contusion model of SCI, ND treatment significantly reduces neutrophil infiltration and reprograms the inflammatory and oxidative microenvironment in injured spinal cords. Importantly, ND treatment significantly improves neural regeneration and functional recovery in rats. Such a nano-decoy platform opens up new approaches for efficiently treating SCI.

关键词： DENV   Neuropathogenesis   RNA replication   PCR   Serotyping   Phylogenetic perspective  

摘要： The emergence of new viruses is a matter of significant concern in the current decade. It has dazed the indigenous healthcare systems in various parts of the world. Consequently, the resources for fighting the rapid spread of the DENV are ineffectual, insufficient, and incompetent. Several environmental factors have been allied with dengue fever transmission. High documentation of neuropathogenesis in dengue-infected individuals in recent years reflects the significance of our study, and the information discussed in this review can be used to enhance clinical awareness along with advances in diagnostic approaches. The replication of the DENV genome is usually engaged in a membrane-linked replication complex;the virion budding and morphogenesis have been found to take place in the modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Most of these non-structural proteins are believed to be responsible for RNA replication and polyprotein processing. The nucleic acid-based strategies have provided high sensitivity and progressively replacing conventional techniques. Advanced technologies like PCR have offered timely serotyping of dengue viruses, which illustrates the early warning of dengue epidemics. The molecular methods help to characterize the key factors responsible for the rapid spread of viruses and thereby update the vector control programmes targeted at extenuating their adverse impacts on public health. The vast diversity of dengue virus strains worldwide with special inference on their clinical manifestations and genetic characteristics was also analyzed in this study. As dengue threatens one third of the world's population, practical applications of advanced molecular strategies from an environmental and phylogenetic perspective are critical for disease control.

关键词： K-2P channels   TREK   TWIK   TASK   TALK   THIK  

摘要： K2P channel is the leaky potassium channel that is critical to keep up the negative resting membrane potential for legitimate electrical conductivity of the excitable tissues. Recently, many substances and medication elements are discovered that could either straightforwardly or in a roundabout way influence the 15 distinctive K+ ion channels including TWIK, TREK, TASK, TALK, THIK, and TRESK. Opening and shutting of these channels or any adjustment in their conduct is thought to alter the pathophysiological condition of CNS. There is no document available till now to explain in detail about the molecular mechanism of agents acting on K2P channel. Accordingly, in this review we cover the current research and mechanism of action of these channels, we have also tried to mention the detailed effect of drugs and how the channel behavior changes by focusing on recent advances regarding activation and modulation of ion channels. [GRAPHICS] .

关键词： CTLA4 haploinsufficiency   neurological symptoms   lymphoproliferation   autoimmunity   demyelination   immune tolerance  

摘要： Ankyrins are scaffolding proteins widely expressed throughout the nervous system. Ankyrins recruit diverse membrane proteins, including ion channels and cell adhesion molecules, into specialized subcellular membrane domains. These domains are stabilized by ankyrins interacting with the spectrin cytoskeleton. Ankyrin genes are highly associated with a number of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and bipolar disorder. Here, we discuss ankyrin function and their role in neurological disease. We propose mutations in ankyrins contribute to disease through two primary mechanisms: 1) altered neuronal excitability by disrupting ion channel clustering at key excitable domains, and 2) altered neuronal connectivity via impaired stabilization of membrane proteins.

关键词： ALS   IGF-1   GLP-1   Genetic dysfunction   Demyelination   Immune dysregulation   Neuroinflammation  

摘要： The prominent causes for motor neuron diseases like ALS are demyelination, immune dysregulation, and neuroinflammation. Numerous research studies indicate that the downregulation of IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling pathways plays a significant role in the progression of ALS pathogenesis and other neurological disorders. In the current review, we discussed the dysregulation of IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling in neurodegenerative manifestations of ALS like a genetic anomaly, oligodendrocyte degradation, demyelination, glial overactivation, immune deregulation, and neuroexcitation. In addition, the current review reveals the IGF-1 and GLP-1 activators based on the premise that the restoration of abnormal IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling could result in neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects for the clinical-pathological presentation of ALS and other brain diseases. Thus, the potential benefits of IGF-1/GLP-1 signal upregulation in the development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies may prevent ALS and associated neurocomplications.

关键词： acute ischemic stroke   AIDS   epilepsy   hemorrhagic stroke   HIV   nationwide inpatient sample   neuro AIDS   transient ischemic attack  

摘要： There is an increased risk of stroke and other neurological complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with no large population-based studies in the literature. We aim to evaluate the prevalence of stroke, HIV-associated neurological complications, and identify risk factors associated with poor outcomes of stroke among HIV admissions in the United States. In the nationwide inpatient sample with adult HIV hospitalizations, patients with primary cerebrovascular disease (CeVDs) and HIV-associated neurological complications were identified by ICD-9-CM codes. We performed a retrospective study with weighted analysis to evaluate the prevalence of stroke and neurological complications and outcomes of stroke among HIV patients. We included 1,559,351 HIV admissions from 2003 to 2014, of which 22470 (1.4%) patients had CeVDs (transient ischemic attack [TIA]: 3240 [0.2%], acute ischemic stroke [AIS]: 14895 [0.93%], and hemorrhagic stroke [HS]: 4334 [0.27%]), 7781 (0.49%) had neurosyphilis, 29,925 (1.87%) meningitis, 39,190 (2.45%) cytomegalovirus encephalitis, 4699 (0.29%) toxoplasmosis, 9964 (0.62%) progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and 142,910 (8.94%) epilepsy. There is increased overall prevalence trend for CeVDs (TIA: 0.17%-0.24%;AIS: 0.62%-1.29%;HS: 0.26%-0.31%;pTrend < .0001) from 2003 to 2014. Among HIV admissions, variables associated with AIS were neurosyphilis (odds ratio: 4.38;95% confidence interval: 3.21-5.97), meningitis (4.87 [4.10-5.79]), and central nervous system tuberculosis (6.72 [3.85-11.71]). Toxoplasmosis [4.27 [2.34-7.76]), meningitis (2.91 [2.09-4.06)], and cytomegalovirus encephalitis (1.62 [1.11-2.37]) were associated with higher odds of HS compared to patients without HS. There was an increasing trend of CeVDs over time among HIV hospitalizations. HIV-associated neurological complications were associated with the risk of stroke, together with increased mortality, morbidity, disability, and discharge to long-term

关键词： quality of life   measurement   Parkinson&apos   s disease   Neuro‐   QoL  

摘要： Background The Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) is a publicly available health-related quality-of-life measurement system. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of Neuro-QoL item banks as outcome measures for clinical trials in Parkinson's disease. Methods An analysis of Neuro-QoL responsiveness to change and construct validity was performed in a multicenter clinical trial cohort. Results Among 310 participants over 3 years, changes in five of eight Neuro-QoL domains were significant (P < 0.05) but very modest. The largest effect sizes were seen in the cognition and mobility domains (0.35-0.39). The largest effect size for change over the year in which levodopa was initiated was -0.19 for lower extremity function-mobility. For a similarly designed clinical trial, estimated sample size required to demonstrate a 50% reduction in worsening ranged from 420 to more than 1000 participants per group. Conclusions More sensitive tools will be required to serve as an outcome measure in early Parkinson's disease. (c) 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

关键词： 对分课堂   互联网+   神经病学   微信平台  

摘要： 随着“互联网+教育”时代的全面到来,临床医学教学也面临新的变革。利用“互联网+”时代背景构建新时代的医学人才培养模式,我们以神经病学见习课堂为实践案例,构建了“对分课堂+微信平台”相结合的新教学模式,通过试点教学我们发现这种新教学模式增强了学生的积极性,显著提高学生对临床知识的掌握,可能在医学本科教学改革中发挥重要作用。

关键词： “互联网+CBL”   微信   神经病学  

摘要： 互联网+CBL模式在《神经病学》教学实践中的运用探究。方法:在实际的研究过程中针对目前的学生进行实际的小组划分,分别设计为实验组和对照组,并且对于不同小组的学生使用不同的教学方法,通过记录其实际情况的方式来完成各种数据的对比,以此来了解实际的教学模式在教学过程中的应用效果。首先选出一个班级作为实验组,对其进行互联网配合CBL模式来完成实际的教学,并且记录相关的学习情况。针对对照组同样需要选出一个班级,并且使用传统的LBL教学模式来完成其实验研究,同样对学生进行相关的数据记录。在完成一定时间的教学之后需要对学生的考试成绩和调查问卷内容来确定两种方法那种更适合目前的医学教学工作。并且评估不同教学方式学生理论开始和临床操作技能等方面的影响。结果:通过考试成绩的比较能够明显了解到实验组的学生成绩高于对照组学生,同时对于临床操作来说,实验组学生对各种临床操作有了更多的了解和认识,并且已经积累了一部分临床经验。结论:在神经病学的教学过程中,使用互联网配合CBL教学方式对学生的整体能力提升是较为巨大的,在此过程中能够提高学生的自学能力、学习效率、加深每个学生对课堂的记忆,更为主要的是能够保证学生掌握一定的临床经验,与传统的讲授式教学有着更好的实践效果,给为有利于对以学生的培养。