关键词： Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis   Childhood   Treatment   Prognosis  

摘要： Aim: Longitudinally extensive transvers myelitis (LETM) is a rare and disabling condition in childhood. The aim of the present study was to share experiences from our center regarding the treatment features and clinical and radiologic course in our LETM patients in light of the literature data. Material and method: The study was designed as cross-sectional and included children who followed for LETM at our pediatric neurology clinic between 2010 and 2019. ATM was diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria report from the Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. LETM was defined as the presence of spinal cord lesions spanning a length of 3 or more consecutive vertebral segments. The patients' medical records were examined in terms of demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, history of infection prior to and during LETM, prodromal history, neurological examination, laboratory and radiological findings, clinical course, and treatment. The Barthel Index was used to assess the physical independence in activities of daily living of patients with LETM who were followed for at least one year. Results: A total of 15 (8 girl) patients were included in the study. The patients were between 1 and 17 years of age. Presenting symptoms included inability to walk in 12 patients, incontinence in 9 patients, low back pain in 4 patients, abdominal pain in 2 patients, and inability to use the arms in 2 patients. In Barthel Index assessment of physical independence in activities of daily living, 8 patients were evaluated as completely independent, 3 patients as moderately dependent, and 2 patients as slightly dependent. When the 4 patients with motor area impairment and moderate dependency according to the Barthel Index were examined, it was noted that all of them had been admitted 4 days after the onset of symptoms and that 2 (13.3%) had cervicothoracic involvement and 2 (13.3%) had involvement of the entire cord. Conclusion: Shorter delay from symptom onset to initiat

关键词： anti-inflammation   anti-oxidative therapy   nanomedicine   neural regeneration   neutrophil membrane   neutrophils   spinal cord injury  

摘要： Following spinal cord injury (SCI), immune cell infiltration creates an inflammatory and oxidative microenvironment (known as the secondary injury), which causes neuron death and spinal cord damage, and dramatically hinders neurological functional recovery. Strategies that inhibit the infiltration and/or function of neutrophils offer promises for SCI treatment because they can reduce the secondary injury;however, such strategies remain largely unexplored. Herein, a strategy using neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles (NPs) as decoys (neutrophil decoy, ND) is presented to reduce local neutrophil infiltration and relieve oxidative stress in the injured spinal cord after SCI. Coated with membranes of activated neutrophils, the NDs inherit multiple receptors from the "parent" neutrophils, which can adsorb and neutralize the elevated neutrophil-related cytokines. In addition, polydopamine NPs with multi-antioxidative properties (selected as the core for ND) scavenge excessive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In a contusion model of SCI, ND treatment significantly reduces neutrophil infiltration and reprograms the inflammatory and oxidative microenvironment in injured spinal cords. Importantly, ND treatment significantly improves neural regeneration and functional recovery in rats. Such a nano-decoy platform opens up new approaches for efficiently treating SCI.

关键词： DENV   Neuropathogenesis   RNA replication   PCR   Serotyping   Phylogenetic perspective  

摘要： The emergence of new viruses is a matter of significant concern in the current decade. It has dazed the indigenous healthcare systems in various parts of the world. Consequently, the resources for fighting the rapid spread of the DENV are ineffectual, insufficient, and incompetent. Several environmental factors have been allied with dengue fever transmission. High documentation of neuropathogenesis in dengue-infected individuals in recent years reflects the significance of our study, and the information discussed in this review can be used to enhance clinical awareness along with advances in diagnostic approaches. The replication of the DENV genome is usually engaged in a membrane-linked replication complex;the virion budding and morphogenesis have been found to take place in the modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Most of these non-structural proteins are believed to be responsible for RNA replication and polyprotein processing. The nucleic acid-based strategies have provided high sensitivity and progressively replacing conventional techniques. Advanced technologies like PCR have offered timely serotyping of dengue viruses, which illustrates the early warning of dengue epidemics. The molecular methods help to characterize the key factors responsible for the rapid spread of viruses and thereby update the vector control programmes targeted at extenuating their adverse impacts on public health. The vast diversity of dengue virus strains worldwide with special inference on their clinical manifestations and genetic characteristics was also analyzed in this study. As dengue threatens one third of the world's population, practical applications of advanced molecular strategies from an environmental and phylogenetic perspective are critical for disease control.

关键词： K-2P channels   TREK   TWIK   TASK   TALK   THIK  

摘要： K2P channel is the leaky potassium channel that is critical to keep up the negative resting membrane potential for legitimate electrical conductivity of the excitable tissues. Recently, many substances and medication elements are discovered that could either straightforwardly or in a roundabout way influence the 15 distinctive K+ ion channels including TWIK, TREK, TASK, TALK, THIK, and TRESK. Opening and shutting of these channels or any adjustment in their conduct is thought to alter the pathophysiological condition of CNS. There is no document available till now to explain in detail about the molecular mechanism of agents acting on K2P channel. Accordingly, in this review we cover the current research and mechanism of action of these channels, we have also tried to mention the detailed effect of drugs and how the channel behavior changes by focusing on recent advances regarding activation and modulation of ion channels. [GRAPHICS] .

关键词： CTLA4 haploinsufficiency   neurological symptoms   lymphoproliferation   autoimmunity   demyelination   immune tolerance  

摘要： Ankyrins are scaffolding proteins widely expressed throughout the nervous system. Ankyrins recruit diverse membrane proteins, including ion channels and cell adhesion molecules, into specialized subcellular membrane domains. These domains are stabilized by ankyrins interacting with the spectrin cytoskeleton. Ankyrin genes are highly associated with a number of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and bipolar disorder. Here, we discuss ankyrin function and their role in neurological disease. We propose mutations in ankyrins contribute to disease through two primary mechanisms: 1) altered neuronal excitability by disrupting ion channel clustering at key excitable domains, and 2) altered neuronal connectivity via impaired stabilization of membrane proteins.

关键词： ALS   IGF-1   GLP-1   Genetic dysfunction   Demyelination   Immune dysregulation   Neuroinflammation  

摘要： The prominent causes for motor neuron diseases like ALS are demyelination, immune dysregulation, and neuroinflammation. Numerous research studies indicate that the downregulation of IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling pathways plays a significant role in the progression of ALS pathogenesis and other neurological disorders. In the current review, we discussed the dysregulation of IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling in neurodegenerative manifestations of ALS like a genetic anomaly, oligodendrocyte degradation, demyelination, glial overactivation, immune deregulation, and neuroexcitation. In addition, the current review reveals the IGF-1 and GLP-1 activators based on the premise that the restoration of abnormal IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling could result in neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects for the clinical-pathological presentation of ALS and other brain diseases. Thus, the potential benefits of IGF-1/GLP-1 signal upregulation in the development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies may prevent ALS and associated neurocomplications.

关键词： acute ischemic stroke   AIDS   epilepsy   hemorrhagic stroke   HIV   nationwide inpatient sample   neuro AIDS   transient ischemic attack  

摘要： There is an increased risk of stroke and other neurological complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with no large population-based studies in the literature. We aim to evaluate the prevalence of stroke, HIV-associated neurological complications, and identify risk factors associated with poor outcomes of stroke among HIV admissions in the United States. In the nationwide inpatient sample with adult HIV hospitalizations, patients with primary cerebrovascular disease (CeVDs) and HIV-associated neurological complications were identified by ICD-9-CM codes. We performed a retrospective study with weighted analysis to evaluate the prevalence of stroke and neurological complications and outcomes of stroke among HIV patients. We included 1,559,351 HIV admissions from 2003 to 2014, of which 22470 (1.4%) patients had CeVDs (transient ischemic attack [TIA]: 3240 [0.2%], acute ischemic stroke [AIS]: 14895 [0.93%], and hemorrhagic stroke [HS]: 4334 [0.27%]), 7781 (0.49%) had neurosyphilis, 29,925 (1.87%) meningitis, 39,190 (2.45%) cytomegalovirus encephalitis, 4699 (0.29%) toxoplasmosis, 9964 (0.62%) progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and 142,910 (8.94%) epilepsy. There is increased overall prevalence trend for CeVDs (TIA: 0.17%-0.24%;AIS: 0.62%-1.29%;HS: 0.26%-0.31%;pTrend < .0001) from 2003 to 2014. Among HIV admissions, variables associated with AIS were neurosyphilis (odds ratio: 4.38;95% confidence interval: 3.21-5.97), meningitis (4.87 [4.10-5.79]), and central nervous system tuberculosis (6.72 [3.85-11.71]). Toxoplasmosis [4.27 [2.34-7.76]), meningitis (2.91 [2.09-4.06)], and cytomegalovirus encephalitis (1.62 [1.11-2.37]) were associated with higher odds of HS compared to patients without HS. There was an increasing trend of CeVDs over time among HIV hospitalizations. HIV-associated neurological complications were associated with the risk of stroke, together with increased mortality, morbidity, disability, and discharge to long-term

关键词： quality of life   measurement   Parkinson&apos   s disease   Neuro‐   QoL  

摘要： Background The Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) is a publicly available health-related quality-of-life measurement system. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of Neuro-QoL item banks as outcome measures for clinical trials in Parkinson's disease. Methods An analysis of Neuro-QoL responsiveness to change and construct validity was performed in a multicenter clinical trial cohort. Results Among 310 participants over 3 years, changes in five of eight Neuro-QoL domains were significant (P < 0.05) but very modest. The largest effect sizes were seen in the cognition and mobility domains (0.35-0.39). The largest effect size for change over the year in which levodopa was initiated was -0.19 for lower extremity function-mobility. For a similarly designed clinical trial, estimated sample size required to demonstrate a 50% reduction in worsening ranged from 420 to more than 1000 participants per group. Conclusions More sensitive tools will be required to serve as an outcome measure in early Parkinson's disease. (c) 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

关键词： Post-acute sequelae of COVID   Post-COVID syndrome   Long-hauler   Long-COVID   COVID-19   SARS-CoV-2   Outcomes   Cognitive   Quality of life   Readmission   Neurologic   Brain   Function   Anxiety   Depression   Fatigue   Sleep  

摘要： Background: Little is known regarding long-term outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 6-month outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Patients with new neurological complications during hospitalization who survived were propensity score-matched to COVID-19 survivors without neurological complications hospitalized during the same period. The primary 6month outcome was multivariable ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin Scale(mRS) comparing patients with or without neurological complications. Secondary outcomes included: activities of daily living (ADLs;Barthel Index), telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Neuro-QoL batteries for anxiety, depression, fatigue and sleep. Results: Of 606 COVID-19 patients with neurological complications, 395 survived hospitalization and were matched to 395 controls;N = 196 neurological patients and N = 186 controls completed follow-up. Overall, 346/ 382 (91%) patients had at least one abnormal outcome: 56% had limited ADLs, 50% impaired cognition, 47% could not return to work and 62% scored worse than average on >= 1 Neuro-QoL scale (worse anxiety 46%, sleep 38%, fatigue 36%, and depression 25%). In multivariable analysis, patients with neurological complications had worse 6-month mRS (median 4 vs. 3 among controls, adjusted OR 1.98, 95%CI 1.23-3.48, P = 0.02), worse ADLs (aOR 0.38, 95%CI 0.29-0.74, P = 0.01) and were less likely to return to work than controls (41% versus 64%, P = 0.04). Cognitive and Neuro-QOL metrics were similar between groups. Conclusions: Abnormalities in functional outcomes, ADLs, anxiety, depression and sleep occurred in over 90% of patients 6-months after hospitalization for COVID-19. In multivariable analysis, patients with neurological complications during index hospitalization had significantly worse 6-month functional outcomes than those without.