关键词： .bats   peripheral   samples collected   affected animals   seroconverted   viral antigen   Rabies Virus   foxes   days PI   survivors   euthanased   Australian bat   Pteropus   poliocephalus   flying fox   histological lesions   lyssavirus infection  

摘要： Objective To examine the susceptibility of the grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) to Australian bat lyssavirus (ABL), and to provide preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of the disease in flying foxes. Procedure Ten flying foxes were inoculated intramuscularly with ABL, and four with a bat-associated rabies virus. Inoculated animals were observed daily, and clinical samples collected every 9 to 14 days. Animals with abnormal clinical signs were euthanased, and samples collected for histological, serological, virological and immunohistological examinations. At 3 months post inoculation (PI), all survivors were euthanased, and each submitted to a similar examination. Results Three ABL-inoculated flying foxes, and two rabies-inoculated animals developed abnormal clinical signs between 15 and 24 days P1. All three ABL-inoculated animals had histological lesions consistent with a lyssavirus infection, and lyssaviral antigen was identified in the central nervous system (CNS) of each. Virus was isolated from the brain of two affected animals. Of the rabies-inoculated flying foxes, both had histological lesions and viral antigen in the CNS. Virus was recovered from the brain of only one. None of the five affected flying foxes developed anti-lyssavirus antibodies, but, by 3 months P1, five of the seven ABL-inoculated survivors, and one of the two rabies virus-inoculated survivors, had seroconverted. The dynamics of the immune responses were quite variable. Conclusions The response of flying foxes to ABL, administered by a peripheral route of inoculation, was similar to that of bats inoculated peripherally with bat-derived rabies viruses.

关键词： lyssavirus   rhabdovirus   Australia   insectivorous bat   Pteropus bat  

摘要： In 1996 a variant lyssavirus was isolated from an insectivorous bat (yellow bellied, sheath tail bat-Saccolaimus flaviventris) in Australia. The nucleocapsid protein (N), matrix protein (M), phosphoprotein (P), glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L) genes of the Australian bat lyssavirus (ABL) insectivorous isolate were compared with that previously described from a frugivorous bat (Pteropus sp.), and showed sequence divergence at both the nucleotide and amino acid sequence level of 20% and 4-12%, respectively. Comparison of deduced protein sequences of ABL isolates from Pteropus and insectivorous bats, showed that viral isolates were homologous and varied by only a few percent. However, these viruses separated into two distinct clades;those isolated from Pteropus or those from Saccolaimus flaviventris bats, when comparisons were made at the nucleotide level. Nucleoprotein sequence comparisons also showed insectivorous isolates to be of the same putative genotype (genotype 7) as that isolated from frugivorous bats. Immediately after the isolation of ABL from an insectivorous bat, the first human case of ABL infection was identified. PCR and sequence analysis done on cerebrospinal fluid, brain and virus isolated from fresh brain tissue of this human case, was consistent with this infection originating from an insectivorous bat. Monoclonal antibody profiling studies of the virus isolated from the human brain tissues supported this conclusion. Sequence comparisons done on the nucleocapsid (N) gene of insectivorous or frugivorous bats showed no geographic associations between isolates but did delineate between the variants of ABL in Australia. Crown Copyright (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： VIRAL antibodies   BATS   NIPAH virus   PTEROPODIDAE  

摘要： Serum specimens from fruit bats were obtained at restaurants in Cambodia. We detected antibodies cross-reactive to Nipah virus by enzyme immunoassay in 11 (11.5%) of 96 Lyle's flying foxes (Pteropus lylei). Our study suggests that viruses closely related to Nipah or Hendra viruses are more widespread in Southeast Asia than previously documented.

关键词： 蝙蝠   流行性乙型脑炎病毒   宿主  

摘要： 于 1 98 6、1 988、1 990和 1 997年的 7-8月 ,在云南省共捕获 653只蝙蝠 ,其中棕果蝠( Rousettus leschenaulti) 593只 ,金管鼻蝠( Murina aurata) 60只 ,采集血清及剖取脑组织作病毒分离和抗体检查。用细胞法和乳鼠法分离到 6株病毒 ,带毒率为 0 .96% ,其中从捕自景洪的棕果蝠脑组织中分离到 3株 ,从河口的棕果蝠血清中分离到 2株 ,从捕自耿马的金管鼻蝠脑组织中分离出 1株。棕果蝠和金管鼻蝠的带毒率分别为 0 .84%和 1 .67%。这 6株病毒能引起 C6/ 3 6和 BHK2 1细胞病变和导致乳小白鼠或 3～ 4周龄小白鼠发病和死亡 ,并具有典型的嗜神经病毒感染症状。经血凝抑制、补体结合、免疫荧光和中和试验鉴定 ,新分离的 6株病毒均为乙脑病毒 ( JE virus)。同期用血凝抑制试验对采获的 42 5份棕果蝠血清作乙脑病毒抗体检查 ,阳性 1 53份 ,阳性率为 3 6% ,具有较高的感染率。本次从棕果蝠和金管鼻蝠体内分离出乙脑病毒属具有重要流行病学意义。

关键词： RABIES   ENTOMOPHAGOUS insects   BATS  

摘要： The first human rabies case in Chile since 1972 occurred in March 1996 in a patient without history of known exposure. Antigenic and genetic characterization of the rabies isolate indicated that its reservoir was the insectivorous bat Tadarida brasiliensis. This is the first human rabies case caused by an insectivorous bat rabies virus variant reported in Latin America.

关键词： 氨基酸序列   翼手目/病毒学   DNA   基因间/化学   基因组   病毒   马来西亚   分子序列数据   种系发生   蛋白质结构   三级   Rubula病毒属/分类   Rubula病毒属/遗传学   序列比对   转录启动子   动物  

摘要： A novel paramyxovirus in the genus Rubulavirus, named Tioman virus (TiV), was isolated in 1999 from a number of pooled urine samples of Island Flying Foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus) during the search for the reservoir host of Nipah virus. TiV is antigenically related to Menangle virus (MenV) that was isolated in Australia in 1997 during disease outbreak in pigs. Sequence analysis of the full length genome indicated that TiV is a novel member of the genus Rubulavirus within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, family Paramyxoviridae. However, there are several features of TiV which make it unique among known paramyxoviruses and rubulaviruses in particular: (1) TiV, like MenV, uses the nucleotide G as a transcriptional initiation site, rather than the A residue used by all other known paramyxoviruses;(2) TiV uses C as the +1 residue for all intergenic regions, a feature not seen for rubulaviruses but common for all other members within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae;(3) Although the attachment protein of TiV has structural features that are conserved in other rubulaviruses, it manifests no overall sequence homology with members of the genus, lacks the sialic acid-binding motif N-R-K-S-C-S and has only two out of the six highly conserved residues known to be important for the catalytic activity of neuraminidase.

关键词： 抗体   病毒/血液   抗原   病毒/分析   翼手目/病毒学   狂犬病病毒属/遗传学   狂犬病病毒属/免疫学   狂犬病病毒属/分离和提纯   狂犬病病毒属/致病力   核壳/分析   RNA   信使/遗传学   RNA   信使/代谢   RNA   病毒/分析   逆转录聚合酶链反应   弹状病毒科感染/兽医学   弹状病毒科感染/病毒学   序列分析   DNA   动物   女(雌)性   男(雄)性   小鼠  

摘要： Apparently healthy Rousettus aegyptiacus bats were randomly chosen from a Dutch colony naturally infected with European bat lyssavirus subgenotype I a (EBL1a). These bats were euthanised three months after the first evidence of an EBL1a infection in the colony. EBL1a genomic and antigenomic RNAs of the nucleoprotein gene were detected by nested reverse transcriptase PCR in 75% of the examined Rousettus aegyptiacus bats. The EBL1a RNAs of the nucleoprotein gene were detected mainly in brain tissues, but also in other organs. EBL1a messenger RNAs of the nucleoprotein gene and the glycoprotein gene were detected in brain tissues. The standard fluorescent antibody test revealed the presence of lyssavirus antigens in brain tissues from 7 (17.5%) Rousettus aegyptiacus bats. Furthermore, EBL1a could not be detected by virus isolation on murine neuroblastoma cells or by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice. Neutralising antibodies directed against EBL1 were detected in 11% of the examined bats. This study shows that at least 85% of the apparently healthy Rousettus aegyptiacus bats must have been infected with EBL1a, and that these bats may survive from an EBL1a infection. Furthermore, the study supports the possibility of a long-term maintenance of EBL1a genome in Rousettus aegyptiacus bats.

关键词： apoptosis   encephalitis   rabies   pathogenesis  

摘要： An experimental model of rabies was established in the fruit-eating bat species Artibeus jamaicensis. The infections caused by CVS-N2c and CVS-B2c, which are both stable variants of CVS-24, were compared after inoculation of adult bats in the right masseter muscle. CVS-N2c produced neurologic signs of rabies with paresis, ataxia, and inability to fly, while CVS-B2c did not produce neurologic signs. Bats were sacrificed and the distribution of rabies virus antigen was assessed in tissue sections with immunoperoxidase staining. Both viruses spread to the brain stem and bilaterally to the trigeminal ganglia by days 2 to 3. CVS-N2c had disseminated widely in the central nervous system (CNS) by day 4 and had involved the spinal cord, thalamus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. CVS-B2c had infected neurons in the spinal cord on day 5 and in the cerebellum, thalamus, and cerebral cortex on day 6. Infected pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus were observed on day 5 in CVS-N2c infection, but infected neurons were never noted in the hippocampus in CVS-B2c infection. CVS-N2c infected many more neurons and more prominently involved neuronal processes than CVS-B2c. CVS-N2c spread more efficiently in the CNS than CVS-B2c. Morphologic changes of apoptosis or biochemical evidence of DNA fragmentation were not observed in neurons with either virus after this route of inoculation. The different neurovirulent properties of these CVS variants in this model were not related to their in vivo ability to induce apoptosis.

关键词： rabies virus   apoptosis   necrosis   neuropathogenicity   TUNEL  

摘要： To examine whether induction of apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of street rabies, we compared the distribution of viral antigens, histopathology, and the induction of apoptosis in the brain of mice infected with a street rabies virus (silver-haired bat rabies virus, SHBRV) and with a mouse-adapted laboratory rabies virus strain (challenge virus standard, CVS-24). Inflammation was identified in the meninges, but not in the parenchyma of the brain of mice infected with either CVS-24 or SHBRV Necrosis was present in numerous cortical, hippocampal, and Purkinje neurons in CVS-24-infected mice, but only minimal necrosis was identified in mice infected with SHBRV Likewise, extensive terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining was observed in the brain of mice infected with CVS-24 but little or none in the brain of mice infected with SHBRV Rabies virus antigens were distributed similarly in the CNS infected with either virus. However, the expression of the glycoprotein (G) is more widespread and the staining of G is generally stronger in CVS- than SHBRV-infected mice, whereas the expression of rabies virus nucleoprotein (N) is similar in mice infected with either CVS or SHBRV The positive TUNEL staining thus correlates with the high level of G expression in CVS-infected mouse brain. Northern blot hybridization revealed that the ratio between the N and G transcripts is similar in brains infected with either virus, indicating that the reduced expression of G protein is not caused by reduced transcription in SHBRV-infected animals. Taken together, these observations suggest that apoptosis is not an essential pathogenic mechanism for the outcome of a street rabies virus infection and that other pathologic processes may contribute to the profound neuronal dysfunction characteristic of street rabies.

关键词： 中和性抗体   蝙蝠   人兽共患病   种猪场   副粘病毒属  

摘要： 近来研究表明,蝙蝠可作为数种人兽共患病的天然宿主,传播的病毒对动物和人有很强的致病性.