关键词： .dead   rabid   epizootic   bats   Bat-associated Rabies Virus   Skunks   bat RABVV   terrestrial mammals  

摘要： Rabies was undetected in terrestrial wildlife of northern Arizona until 2001, when rabies was diagnosed in 19 rabid skunks in Flagstaff. Laboratory analyses showed causative rabies viruses associated with bats, which indicated cross-species transmission of unprecedented magnitude. Public health infrastructure must be maintained to address emerging zoonotic diseases.

关键词： ACUTE-RESPIRATORY-SYNDROME   INFECTIOUS-BRONCHITIS VIRUS   SARS-CORONAVIRUS   MURINE CORONAVIRUSES   SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT   GENOME SEQUENCE   IDENTIFICATION   PROTEIN   HOST   RECOMBINATION  

摘要： Coronaviruses can infect a variety of animals including poultry, livestock, and humans and are currently classified into three groups. The interspecies transmissions of coronaviruses between different hosts form a complex ecosystem of which little is known. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the recent identification of new coronaviruses have highlighted the necessity for further investigation of coronavirus ecology, in particular the role of bats and other wild animals. In this study, we sampled bat populations in 15 provinces of China and reveal that approximately 6.5% of the bats, from diverse species distributed throughout the region, harbor coronaviruses. Full genomes of four coronavirues from bats were sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses of the spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleoprotein structural proteins and the two conserved replicase domains, putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA hellicase, revealed that bat coronaviruses cluster in three different groups: group 1, another group that includes all SARS and SARS-like coronaviruses (putative group 4), and an independent bat coronavirus group (putative group 5). Further genetic analyses showed that different species of bats maintain coronaviruses from different groups and that a single bat species from different geographic locations supports similar coronaviruses. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that bats may play an integral role in the ecology and evolution of coronaviruses.

关键词： bats   coronavirus   diversity  

摘要： The existence of coronaviruses in bats is unknown until the recent discovery of bat-SARS-CoV in Chinese horseshoe bats and a novel group 1 coronavirus in other bat species. Among 309 bats of 13 species captured from 20 different locations in rural areas of Hong Kong over a 16-month period, coronaviruses were amplified from anal swabs of 37 (12%) bats by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (pol) and helicase genes revealed six novel coronaviruses from six different bat species, in addition to the two previously described coronaviruses. Among the six novel coronaviruses, four were group I coronaviruses (bat-CoV HKU2 from Chinese horseshoe bat, bat-CoV HKU6 from rickett's big-footed bat, bat-CoV HKU7 from greater bent-winged bat and bat-CoV HKU8 from lesser bent-winged bat) and two were group 2 coronaviruses (bat-CoV HKU4 from lesser bamboo bats and bat-CoV HKU5 from Japanese pipistrelles). An astonishing diversity of coronaviruses was observed in bats. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： SARS冠状病毒   类SARS样冠状病毒   蝙蝠   流行病学  

摘要： 目的了解野生动物市场果蝠携带SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和SARS样冠状病毒(SARS-like-CoV)情况。方法2004年9月至2005年11月,在广州及广州野生动物市场收集来自广州及周边地区的分属两个亚目9个种的蝙蝠共905只,有犬蝠(Cynopterussphinx)、棕果蝠(Rousettusleschenaulti)、普通长翼蝠(Miniopterusschreibersi)、普氏蹄蝠(Hipposiderospratti)、中华菊头蝠(Rhinolophussinicus)、小黄蝠(Scotophiluskuhlii)、大耳双色蹄蝠(HipposiderosPomona)、中菊头蝠(Rhinolophusaffinis)和小菊头蝠(Rhinolophuspusillus)。收集的蝙蝠分别取得咽拭813份、血清524份、肺组织853份及直肠粪便853份标本共计3043份,用新型冠状病毒(N-蛋白)测定试剂盒(酶联免疫法)、SARS-CoVRNA检测试剂盒、荧光PCR及基因芯片检测并通过RT-PCR和细胞分离培养检测SARS-CoV和SARS-like-CoV。结果收集的9个种905只蝙蝠共3043份标本未检测、分离出SARS-CoV和SARS-like-CoV。结论调查的广州及周边地区的9种蝙蝠均未检测到SARS-CoV和SARS-like-CoV。

摘要： Objective To evaluate and implement molecular diagnostic tests for the detection of lyssaviruses in Australia. Design A published hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of all lyssavirus genotypes was modified to a fully nested RT-PCR format and compared with the original assay. TaqMan assays for the detection of Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) were compared with both the nested and hemi-nested RT-PCR assays. The sequences of RT-PCR products were determined to assess sequence variations of the target region (nucleocapsid gene) in samples of ABLV originating from different regions. Results The nested RT-PCR assay was highly analytically specific, and at least as analytically sensitive as the hemi-nested assay. The TaqMan assays were highly analytically specific and more analytically sensitive than either RT-PCR assay, with a detection level of approximately 10 genome equivalents per mu l. Sequence of the first 544 nucleotides of the nucleocapsid protein coding sequence was obtained from all samples of ABLV received at Australian Animal Health Laboratory during the study period. Conclusion The nested RT-PCR provided a means for molecular diagnosis of all tested genotypes of lyssavirus including classical rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. The published TaqMan assay proved to be superior to the RT-PCR assays for the detection of ABLV in terms of analytical sensitivity. The TaqMan assay would also be faster and cross contamination is less likely. Nucleotide sequence analyses of samples of ABLV from a wide geographical range in Australia demonstrated the conserved nature of this region of the genome and therefore the suitability of this region for molecular diagnosis.

关键词： 登革病毒   流行性乙型脑炎病毒   蝙蝠  

摘要： 目的了解广东及广西蝙蝠携带登革病毒和流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒的情况。方法2004年9月至2005年11月期间11次收集广东及广西部分地区的蝙蝠。收集的蝙蝠取脑组织标本和血清标本,采用两对登革病毒和乙脑病毒通用引物,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和细胞培养分离方法检测所采集蝙蝠标本中的登革病毒(denguevirus,DV)和乙脑病毒(Japaneseencephalitisvirus,JEV)。结果收集了4个科9个种共905只蝙蝠,其中棕果蝠154只、犬蝠395只、普通长翼蝠5只、小黄蝠52只、中菊头蝠228只、中华菊头蝠15只、小菊头蝠41只、双色蹄蝠8只、普氏蹄蝠7只。蝙蝠来源于粤中、粤西和桂东的7个县市。905只蝙蝠标本中未检测、分离到登革病毒和乙型脑炎病毒。结论未发现所调查的蝙蝠携带登革病毒和乙型脑炎病毒。

关键词： carcinoma   Chiroptera   Egyptian fruit bat   papillomavirus   Rousettus aegyptiacus  

摘要： A 5-yr-old female Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) had a small raised pigmented mass removed from the lateral canthus of the left eye. Six additional variably sized, raised, smooth to cauliflower-like skin masses were observed randomly distributed throughout the left wing membranes. Four masses were removed and diagnosed microscopically as basosquamous carcinomas and papillomas. Additional masses, removed 6 mo and 1 yr later, showed bony invasion and squamous differentiation. Immunohistochemistry detected positive intranuclear staining for bovine papillomavirus antibody in all samples. Polymerase chain reaction done on DNA extracts from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue amplified a 450 base-pair segment analogous to the L1 region of human papillomavirus types 96 and 5. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis of sequenced amplicons suggests a novel chiropteran papillomavirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of papillomavirus-associated carcinoma in a chiropteran species.

关键词： RABIES virus   LAGOSTOMUS   BATS as carriers of disease   RABIES in animals   RHABDOVIRUSES  

摘要： Three more isolates of Lagos bat virus were recently recovered from fruit bats in South Africa after an apparent absence of this virus for 13 years. The sporadic occurrence of cases is likely due to inadequate surveillance programs for lyssavirus infections among bat populations in Africa.

关键词： Chiroptera   Orthoreovirus   Mammalian  

摘要： After the outbreak of Nipah virus (NiV) in 1998-99, which resulted in 105 human deaths and the culling of more than one million pigs, a search was initiated for the natural host reservoir of NiV on Tioman Island off the east coast of Malaysia. Three different syncytia-forming viruses were isolated from fruit bats on the island. They were Nipah virus, Tioman virus (a novel paramyxovirus related to Menangle virus), and a reovirus, named Pulau virus (PuV), which is the subject of this study. PuV displayed the typical ultra structural morphology of a reovirus and was neutralised by serum against Nelson Bay reovirus (NBV), a reovirus isolated from a fruit bat (Pteropus poliocephalus) in Australia over 30 years ago. PuV was fusogenic and formed large syncytia in Vero cells. Comparison of dsRNA segments between PuV and NBV showed distinct mobility differences for the S1 and S2 segments. Complete sequence analysis of all four S segments revealed a close relationship between PuV and NBV, with nucleotide sequence identity varying from 88% for S3 segment to 56% for the S1 segment. Similarly phylogenetic analysis of deduced protein sequences confirmed that PuV is closely related to NBV. In this paper we discuss the similarities and differences between PuV and NBV which support the classification of PuV as a novel mammalian, fusogenic reovirus within the Nelson Bay orthoreovirus species, in the genus Orthoreovirus, family Reoviridae.

关键词： 登革病毒   流行性乙型脑炎病毒   蝙蝠   调查  

摘要： 研究背景和目的 登革热(Dengue fever, DF)和流行性乙型脑炎(Japanese encephalitis，JE，也称为日本脑炎，简称乙脑)是重要的虫媒病毒传染病，其病原体分别为登革病毒(Dengue virus，DV)和乙脑病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus，JEV)。近年来在东南亚、印度、西太平洋和南美洲大部分地区经常爆发登革热。爆发规模越来越大，情况越来越严重，其中登革出血热(Dengue hemorrhagic fever，DHF)的比例也越来越大。乙脑在亚洲每年有3，000～5，000份临床病例报道，其流行范围也有不断扩大趋势，东起西太平洋岛屿，西到巴基斯坦边界，北起朝鲜，南到巴布亚新几内亚都已经成为乙脑的流行区。 我国DF和DHF的流行也有相当长的历史，甚至可以追溯到1873年。20世纪50年代以前我国沿海大部分地区均发生过DF，此后30多年未发生流行，直至1978年广东佛山再次发生登革4型流行，随后在沿海省份广东、广西和海南等省间断的流行至今。我国乙脑分布在除新疆、青海、西藏和东北北部外的所有省(自治区)。20世纪50～70年代乙脑呈现周期性流行，病例主要分布在东部沿海地区，70年代后，由于大规模使用乙脑疫苗，乙脑发病率明显下降，基本上控制了全国范围的流行。近年来，乙脑报告发病率基本控制在1／10万以下；但目前每年仍发生8，000～12，000左右乙脑病例，局部地区爆发或流行时有发生。 登革热的主要传播媒介是埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊，一般认为，登革病毒主要感染人和低等灵长类动物。在城市型登革病毒感染循环中，病人和隐性感染者是主要传染源。在丛林型疫源地中，猴类动物是主要传染源。但是，也有人认为登革病毒的宿主尚未明确，而且登革热的发病有来无影去无踪的特点，除了