关键词： Africa   glycoprotein   Lagos bat virus   lyssavirus   pathogenicity   rabies  

摘要： Lagos bat virus (LBV) constitutes genotype (gt) 2 in the Lyssavirus genus. In contrast to the gt 1 lyssavirus, rabies virus (RABV), LBV was reported to have markedly reduced levels of peripheral pathogenicity. However, this opinion was based on a study of one isolate of LBV only and the reduction in pathogenicity was essentially attributed to the amino-acid substitution at position 333 of glycoprotein ectodomain. In the present study we have demonstrated that peripheral pathogenicity of representatives of LBV in a murine model is as high as that of RABV. Comparison of amino-acid substitutions among the viral glycoproteins, demonstrated significant differences within two antigenic sites between different phylogenetic lineages of LBV. Such molecular variability potentially contributes to differences in peripheral pathogenicity of lyssaviruses.

关键词： Rabies   lyssavirus   European bat lyssavirus   bat   pathogenesis   virus   thyroid gland  

摘要： P>Two common bat lyssavirus species have been identified in many European countries: European bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 (EBLV-1 and EBLV-2). Only limited knowledge on the susceptibility of the natural EBLV-hosts, insectivorous bats, to lyssavirus infection is available. Our study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility and pathology associated with an EBLV-1 infection in Eptesicus fuscus following different routes of virus inoculation including intracranial (n = 6), intramuscular (n = 14), oral (n = 7) and intranasal (n = 7). Blood and saliva samples were collected from all bats on a monthly basis. Four bats inoculated intracranially developed rabies with a mean of 11 days to death, whilst seven bats inoculated intramuscularly developed rabies, with an extended incubation period prior to death. We did not observe any mortality in the oral (p.o.) or intranasal (i.n.) groups and both groups had detectable levels of virus neutralizing antibodies (data not shown). Virus shedding was demonstrated in the saliva by virus isolation and the detection of viral RNA in ill bats, particularly immediately prior to the development of disease. In addition, the presence of virus and viral RNA was detected in the thyroid gland in bats challenged experimentally with EBLV-1, which exceeded that detected in all other extra-neural tissue. The significance of detecting EBLV-1 in the thyroid gland of rabid bats is not well understood. We speculate that the infection of the thyroid gland may cause subacute thyroiditis, a transient form of thyroiditis causing hyperthyroidism, resulting in changes in adrenocortical activity that could lead to hormonal dysfunction, thereby distinguishing the clinical presentation of rabies in the rabid host.

关键词： 尼帕病毒   中国大陆   蝙蝠   内存   科学家   SARS   流行病学   病毒抗体  

摘要： 作为中科院武汉病毒所研究布局的重要研究方向和发展的优势学科领域，石正丽研究员领导的学科组主要开展了自然界最大的病毒储存库蝙蝠所携带病毒流行病学及SARS跨物种传播的机理的研究。该研究组首次发现中国大陆蝙蝠体内存在尼帕病毒或尼帕样病毒抗体，提示我国存在尼帕或类似病毒的自然疫源地，并适时向国家有关部门提出了预警；

关键词： Bats   Fruit bats   Marburg virus   Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction   Phylogenetic analysis   Marburg hemorrhagic fever   Ebola virus   Antibodies  

摘要： In July and September 2007, miners working in Kitaka Cave, Uganda, were diagnosed with Marburg hemorrhagic fever. The likely source of infection in the cave was Egyptian fruit bats ( Rousettus aegyptiacus) based on detection of Marburg virus RNA in 31/611 (5.1%) bats, virus-specific antibody in bat sera, and isolation of genetically diverse virus from bat tissues. The virus isolates were collected nine months apart, demonstrating long-term virus circulation. The bat colony was estimated to be over 100,000 animals using mark and re-capture methods, predicting the presence of over 5,000 virus-infected bats. The genetically diverse virus genome sequences from bats and miners closely matched. These data indicate common Egyptian fruit bats can represent a major natural reservoir and source of Marburg virus with potential for spillover into humans.

关键词： RABIES   GUILLAIN-Barre syndrome   ENCEPHALITIS   THERAPEUTIC use of immunoglobulins   ACYCLOVIR   BATS as carriers of disease  

摘要： Rabies, encephalitis caused by lyssaviruses, was considered universally fatal until a young, unvaccinated patient with bat rabies survived after a new therapeutic approach [1]. The long-term favourable outcome of this patient suggested that successful interventions may be possible [2]. However, 11 patients, subsequently treated in a similar way, have not survived (reviewed by Wilde et al. [3]). Of six of these patients, information is published [4]–[8]; the other five are mentioned in the review [3].

关键词： 狂犬病   狂犬病毒   蝙蝠   自然疫源性疾病  

摘要： 狂犬病(Rabies),是由狂犬病毒(Rabies Virus,RV)引起的人和所有哺乳动物的急性致死性中枢神经系统的自然疫源性疾病。该病呈全球性分布、病死率高,引起学者们对病原鉴定、免疫防治等的广泛研究,并取得了重大进展。研究表明,蝙蝠是多种人兽共患疾病病毒的储存宿主,因此,蝙蝠携带狂犬病毒的调查研究引起广大学者们的广泛关注,蝙蝠在我国物种丰富,分布广泛,作为很多病毒的可能自然宿主,其感染携带RV的流行病学数据尚未可知。本文对我国蝙蝠的种类、分布以及蝙蝠作为狂犬病毒自然宿主的研究进展进行了综述,为广大学者的进一步相关研究提供参考依据。

关键词： Central nervous system   Sedentary behavior   Spinal cord   Nerve fibers   Rabies virus   Viral structure   Immunohistochemical analysis   Neurons  

摘要： The majority of rabies virus (RV) infections are caused by bites or scratches from rabid carnivores or bats. Usually, RV utilizes the retrograde transport within the neuronal network to spread from the infection site to the central nervous system (CNS) where it replicates in neuronal somata and infects other neurons via trans-synaptic spread. We speculate that in addition to the neuronal transport of the virus, hematogenous spread from the site of infection directly to the brain after accidental spill over into the vascular system might represent an alternative way for RV to invade the CNS. So far, it is unknown whether hematogenous spread has any relevance in RV pathogenesis. To determine whether certain RV variants might have the capacity to invade the CNS from the periphery via hematogenous spread, we infected mice either intramuscularly (i.m.) or intravenously (i.v.) with the dog-associated RV DOG4 or the silver-haired bat-associated RV SB. In addition to monitoring the progression of clinical signs of rabies we used immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to follow the spread of the virus from the infection site to the brain. In contrast to i.m. infection where both variants caused a lethal encephalopathy, only i.v. infection with SB resulted in the development of a lethal infection. While qRT-PCR did not reveal major differences in virus loads in spinal cord or brain at different times after i.m. or i.v. infection of SB, immunohistochemical analysis showed that only i.v. administered SB directly infected the forebrain. The earliest affected regions were those hypothalamic nuclei, which are connected by neurosecretory fibers to the circumventricular organs neurohypophysis and median eminence. Our data suggest that hematogenous spread of SB can lead to a fatal encephalopathy through direct retrograde invasion of the CNS at the neurovascular interface of the hypothalamus-hypophysis system. This alternative m

关键词： Chiroptera   Rabies   EUROPEAN   Netherlands   risk analysis  

摘要： We present the frequency and the nature of contact incidents of the Serotine bat, Eptesicus serotinus, with humans and with companion animals (specifically cats and dogs), in The Netherlands between 2000 and 2005. Out of 17 bats in bite contact with humans, five tested positive for European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) type 1a. Cats had the most numerous contacts with bats (49 times) but a relatively low number of these bats were EBLV positive (six times). We estimated that the average incidence of human bat rabies infection might be between once per year and once per 700 years, depending mainly on the number of infectious viral particles in bat saliva. The risk of bat rabies is higher between April and October. and in the northern half of the country. This is the first study in Europe describing the risk of human bat rabies after bat contact incidents.

关键词： VIRULENCE (Microbiology)   JAPANESE B encephalitis   BATS as carriers of disease   EPIDEMIC encephalitis  

摘要： Genome sequencing and virulence studies of 2 Japanese encephalitis viruses (JEVs) from bats in Yunnan, China, showed a close relationship with JEVs isolated from mosquitoes and humans in the same region over 2 decades. These results indicate that bats may play a role in human Japanese encephalitis outbreaks in this region.

关键词： Bats   Endocrine cells   Immunohistochemical   Dietary habits  

摘要： The present study was conducted to clarify the influence of feeding habits on regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells secreting cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin (GAS), serotonin (5-HT) and enteroglucagon (GLUC) in the nectarivorous Anoura geoffroyi and Glossophaga soricina and the sanguivorous Desmodus rotundus bats of the Phyllostomidae family, by specific immunohistochemical methods. The regional distribution and frequency of the different types of endocrine cells varied according to their location in the GIT. 5-HT immunoreactive cells (IR), detected throughout the GIT of three bats, were the most predominant gastrointestinal endocrine cells. GAS-IR cells in A. geoffroyi were found at the base of the pyloric gland, while in G. soricina they could also be observed in the middle to basal portions of the gland. GLUC-IR cells were located in the fundic region of A. geoffroyi, G. soricina and D. rotundus. These endocrine cells were more abundant in the sanguivorous bat. In nectarivorous bats were compared to sanguivorous bat, which differ in dietary habits, difference in the distribution and relative frequency of gut endocrine cells would be predicted. The absence of some, and decrease in frequency of other, gastrointestinal endocrine cells may reflect, in part. its interspecies differences or dietary habits. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.