关键词： 狂犬病毒   吉林省   分离   体内   蝙蝠   中枢神经系统   感染动物   脑脊髓炎  

摘要： 狂犬病毒属（Lyssavirus）是弹状病毒科（Rhabodoviridea）中引起中枢神经系统感染和脑脊髓炎的同类成员的总称，由于所有成员均能感染动物和人，引起狂犬病样症状，故名狂犬病毒属。

关键词： 蝙蝠   人兽共患病   病毒   防控对策  

摘要： 蝙蝠种类丰富,分布广泛,寿命较长,与人类接触密切,是多种人兽共患病病毒的自然宿主。蝙蝠体内分离到人兽共患病病毒已达80多种,给人类公共卫生安全带来严重威胁。文章对蝙蝠的生态特性、携带的主要病毒、传播方式及防控对策等进行综述,以期为我国开展野生动物疫源疫病的监测防控工作提供资料。

关键词： 新病毒   病原体   蝙蝠   分子病毒学   公共图书馆   动物健康   澳大利亚   哺乳动物  

摘要： 近日。吉朗市澳大利亚动物健康实验室的分子病毒学家Glenn Marsh及其同事发现了一种蝙蝠携带的新病毒一雪松病毒。这种病毒似乎无法在其他哺乳动物中引发疾病的病毒。相关成果发表在8月2日的《科学公共图书馆一病原体》（PLoS Pathogens）网络版。

关键词： 蝙蝠蛾被毛孢虫草菌丝体粉   小鼠   免疫调节  

摘要： 目的探讨蝙蝠蛾被毛孢虫草菌丝体粉对小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法分别以200、400、800mg/kg BW剂量的蝙蝠蛾被毛孢虫草菌丝体粉经口给予小鼠连续灌胃30d后,进行各项免疫指标的测定。结果蝙蝠蛾被毛孢虫草菌丝体粉剂量组与对照组比较能促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞增值、转化作用(P<0.05),促进小鼠的迟发型变态反应(P<0.05),增强小鼠的单核-腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力(P<0.05),促进小鼠的抗体生成细胞增加及提高小鼠的血清溶血素水平(P<0.01和P<0.05),提高小鼠的NK细胞活性(P<0.01和P<0.05)。结论蝙蝠蛾被毛孢虫草菌丝体粉具有增强免疫力的功能。

关键词： Capture-mark-recapture   Lyssavirus   multi-state model   rabies   straw-coloured fruit bat   time-series data  

摘要： Phylogenetic analyses suggest lyssaviruses, including Rabies virus, originated from bats. However, the role of bats in the maintenance, transmission and evolution of lyssaviruses is poorly understood. A number of genetically diverse lyssaviruses are present in Africa, including Lagos bat virus (LBV). A high seroprevalence of antibodies against LBV was detected in Eidolon helvum bats. Longitudinal seroprevalence and age-specific seroprevalence data were analysed and capture-mark-recapture (CMR) analysis used to follow 98 bats over 18 months. These data demonstrate endemic infection, with evidence of horizontal transmission, and force of infection was estimated for differing age categories. The CMR analysis found survival probabilities of seronegative and seropositive bats were not significantly different. The lack of increased mortality in seropositive animals suggests infection is not causing disease after extended incubation. These key findings point towards acute transmission of bat lyssaviruses in adapted bat hosts that occurs at a far higher rate than the occurrence of disease.

关键词： comparative   phylogeny   chiroptera   Lyssavirus  

摘要： Determining the genetic pathways that viruses traverse to establish in new host species is crucial to predict the outcome of cross-species transmission but poorly understood for most host-virus systems. Using sequences encoding 78% of the rabies virus genome, we explored the extent, repeatability and dynamic outcome of evolution associated with multiple host shifts among New World bats. Episodic bursts of positive selection were detected in several viral proteins, including regions associated with host cell interaction and viral replication. Host shifts involved unique sets of substitutions, and few sites exhibited repeated evolution across adaptation to many bat species, suggesting diverse genetic determinants over host range. Combining these results with genetic reconstructions of the demographic histories of individual viral lineages revealed that although rabies viruses shared consistent three-stage processes of emergence in each new bat species, host shifts involving greater numbers of positively selected substitutions had longer delays between cross-species transmission and enzootic viral establishment. Our results point to multiple evolutionary routes to host establishment in a zoonotic RNA virus that may influence the speed of viral emergence.

关键词： INFLUENZA A virus   BAT diseases   NEURAMINIDASE   HEMAGGLUTININ   GLYCOPROTEINS   CRYSTAL structure   ZOONOSES  

摘要： Author contributions: A.G.-S. wrote the paper.

关键词： acute   respiratory   diseases  

摘要： On September 23rd,the United Kingdom Health Protection Agency(HPA)reported the diagnostic confirmation of a human infection case by a new type of coronavirus(http://***/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2012PressReleases/120923acuterespiratoryillnessidentified/).The patient is a 49-year-old Qatari who suffered from an acute,serious respiratory illness.

关键词： SARS   病毒   蝙蝠   源头   沙特阿拉伯   法新社   科学家   日报  

摘要： 国际在线专稿：据法新社11月20日报道，荷兰科学家为7月病故的一名60岁沙特阿拉伯男子感染的病毒进行化验后，证实这病毒与SARS同属一个家族，并与亚洲蝙蝠身上找到的病毒相近。

关键词： cave-hibernating bats   Geomyces destructans   hibernation-induced   immune suppression   immune cell trafficking   immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)   Myotis lucifugus   white nose syndrome  

摘要： White nose syndrome, caused by Geomyces destructans, has killed more than 5 million cave hibernating bats in eastern North America. During hibernation, the lack of inflammatory cell recruitment at the site of fungal infection and erosion is consistent with a temperature-induced inhibition of immune cell trafficking. This immune suppression allows G. destructans to colonize and erode the skin of wings, ears and muzzle of bat hosts unchecked. Yet, paradoxically, within weeks of emergence from hibernation an intense neutrophilic inflammatory response to G. destructans is generated, causing severe pathology that can contribute to death. We hypothesize that the sudden reversal of immune suppression in bats upon the return to euthermia leads to a form of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). IRIS was first described in HIV-infected humans with low helper T lymphocyte counts and bacterial or fungal opportunistic infections. IRIS is a paradoxical and rapid worsening of symptoms in immune compromised humans upon restoration of immunity in the face of an ongoing infectious process. In humans with HIV, the restoration of adaptive immunity following suppression of HIV replication with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) can trigger severe immune-mediated tissue damage that can result in death. We propose that the sudden restoration of immune responses in bats infected with G. destructans results in an IRIS-like dysregulated immune response that causes the post-emergent pathology.