关键词： 病毒宏基因组学   蝙蝠   病毒组   高通量测序  

摘要： 蝙蝠携带有60多种病毒,其中许多对人有高度致病性。为了解中国蝙蝠携带病毒的自然本底、蝙蝠病毒的多样性和挖掘潜在的病毒病原,通过基于Solexa高通量测序的病毒宏基因组学技术对从吉林、云南、湖南采集的蝙蝠组织进行病毒组学研究,获得了11 644 232条读长(Reads),并拼接出44 872条重叠序列(Contig)。通过核酸序列注释发现,其中8.2%(4 002/44 872)的重叠序列与病毒相关,能进一步注释到36个病毒科,包括19种脊椎动物病毒、6种植物病毒、4种昆虫病毒和4种噬菌体。通过对重叠序列的遗传进化分析、多序列比对显示,被注释为细小病毒、腺联病毒、博卡病毒、腺病毒、小双节RNA病毒等的重叠序列与已知病毒相似,部分序列却又呈现出明显的序列差异。通过对腺病毒和博卡病毒进一步的PCR扩增证实了此研究方法可靠。旨在了解我国蝙蝠携带病毒组的构成,对建立高效的野生动物源人兽共患病的监测方法提供参考。

关键词： 免疫系统   科学家   适应性   蝙蝠   机制   飞行   基因组学   基因组比较  

摘要： 中外科学家完成的蝙蝠基因组学研究近日在《科学》上在线发表。科学家对两种不同类群的蝙蝠基因组比较分析，揭示了蝙蝠飞行及免疫系统的适应性相关机制，阐明不同蝙蝠类群的分子多样性机制，为蝙蝠及其它哺乳动物在生物学及进化等方面的研究提供了新思路。 蝙蝠可携带多种人畜共患病毒，自身几乎不受感染。通过对相关基因的研究，科学家发现蝙蝠中NF-KB家族转录因子C-REI，受到正选择。该基因不仅在固有免疫中发挥功能，

关键词： trait-based approaches   zoonoses   viral richness   reservoir host   spillover   Chiroptera  

摘要： Bats are the natural reservoirs of a number of high-impact viral zoonoses. We present a quantitative analysis to address the hypothesis that bats are unique in their propensity to host zoonotic viruses based on a comparison with rodents, another important host order. We found that bats indeed host more zoonotic viruses per species than rodents, and we identified life-history and ecological factors that promote zoonotic viral richness. More zoonotic viruses are hosted by species whose distributions overlap with a greater number of other species in the same taxonomic order (sympatry). Specifically in bats, there was evidence for increased zoonotic viral richness in species with smaller litters (one young), greater longevity and more litters per year. Furthermore, our results point to a new hypothesis to explain in part why bats host more zoonotic viruses per species: the stronger effect of sympatry in bats and more viruses shared between bat species suggests that interspecific transmission is more prevalent among bats than among rodents. Although bats host more zoonotic viruses per species, the total number of zoonotic viruses identified in bats (61) was lower than in rodents (68), a result of there being approximately twice the number of rodent species as bat species. Therefore, rodents should still be a serious concern as reservoirs of emerging viruses. These findings shed light on disease emergence and perpetuation mechanisms and may help lead to a predictive framework for identifying future emerging infectious virus reservoirs.

关键词： 蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体   免疫功能   小鼠  

摘要： 目的：研究蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：分别以300，600，1200 mg/kg BW剂量蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌 丝体粉给小鼠连续灌胃30？35 d后，检测各项免疫指标。结果：蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体能明显刺激小鼠的脾淋巴细胞增值、转化，促进小鼠迟发型变态反应，提高小鼠抗体生成细胞数和血清溶血素水平，促进小鼠单核一巨噬细胞碳廓清作用；但对小鼠生长、脏体重比值、腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力及NK细胞活性无明显影响。结论：蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体具有增强小鼠免疫力的功能。

关键词： BIG brown bat   RABIES virus   EPTESICUS   RHABDOVIRUSES   IMMUNOGLOBULINS  

摘要： Rabies virus infection has been documented in several North American bat species, including Eptesicus fuscus. The virus-host relationship between bats and rabies virus (RV) is not well understood. The incidence of non-lethal RV exposure, based on the presence of viral neutralizing antibodies, demonstrates that exposure to RV does not always lead to clinical infection in bats. It is unknown how the route of exposure, rabies virus variant, or health of the bat affects the outcome following exposure. This paper describes the pathogenesis of two big brown bat RV variants in homologous host species. Our study demonstrates that RV variants obtained from the same species of bat from similar geographical areas may result in a diverse clinical progression of disease.

关键词： Chiroptera   TBT   Contaminants   Trophic transfer   Complement   Anti-oxidant enzymes  

摘要： The acute toxicity of organic tin compounds (OTCs) has been studied in detail. However, due to their complex nature, very little is known about species-specific methods of accumulation and consequences for food-webs. Chironomids, on which e.g. Daubenton's bats feed, may act as vectors for the transport of organic tin compounds from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. Bats are prone to environmental toxins because of their longevity and their ecological role as top predators. Organic tin compounds are associated with increased formation of reactive oxygen species and associated oxidative damage as well as suppression of immune function. The present paper investigates whether the OTC, tributyltin (TBT) and its metabolite, dibutyltin (DBT), accumulate in natural populations of Daubenton's bats and whether TBT-associated effects are seen in general body condition, redox balance, redox enzyme activities, associated oxidative damage of red blood cells and complement function. We discovered the concentration of bat fur DBT correlated with local marine sediment TBT concentrations. However, we did not find a correlation between the explanatory factors, bat fur DBT and marine sediment TBT concentrations, and several physiological and physical response variables apart from complement activity. Higher DBT concentrations resulted in weaker complement activity and thus a weaker immune response. Although the observed physiological effects in the present study were not strongly correlated to,butyltin concentrations in fur or sediment, the result is unique for natural populations so far and raises interesting questions for future ecotoxicological studies. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Rabies   Cattle   Desmodus rotundus   Epidemiology   Phylogenetic  

摘要： Rabies is enzootic in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Every year, cattle and horses die from rabies that is transmitted by the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. This paper describes the spread of the rabies virus by the continuous diffusion model using relaxed random walks with BEAST software. Forty-one (41) sequences of gene G from the rabies virus that was isolated from bats and domestic herbivores from several areas of the state between 2006 and 2010 were analyzed. The phylogenetic tree showed three main clusters as well as two sub-clusters under cluster 2. A spatial analysis showed that three strains of the rabies virus spread independently. In general, central Espirito Santo, which is mountainous, was the area where separation of the virus strains occurred. This physical barrier, however, was overcome at some point in time, as samples from different lineages were found in the same microarea.

关键词： hepatitis   bats   bat hepatitis virus   full genome   viral morphology   prevalence   viruses   Myanmar  

摘要： During an analysis of the virome of bats from Myanmar, a large number of reads were annotated to orthohepadnaviruses. We present the full genome sequence and a morphological analysis of an orthohepadnavirus circulating in bats. This virus is substantially different from currently known members of the genus Orthohepadnavirus and represents a new species.

关键词： Lyssavirus   Rabies virus   Fruit bats   Untranslated regions   Mammalian genomics   Pathogenesis   Nucleotides   Phylogenetic analysis  

摘要： Background and objectives: Bats are recognized as a major reservoir of lyssaviruses;however, no bat lyssavirus has been isolated in Asia except for Aravan and Khujand virus in Central Asia. All Chinese lyssavirus isolates in previous reports have been of species rabies virus, mainly from dogs. Following at least two recent bat-associated human rabies-like cases in northeast China, we have initiated a study of the prevalence of lyssaviruses in bats in Jilin province and their public health implications. A bat lyssavirus has been isolated and its pathogenicity in mice and genomic alignment have been determined. Results: We report the first isolation of a bat lyssavirus in China, from the brain of a northeastern bat, Murina leucogaster. Its nucleoprotein gene shared 92.4%/98.9% (nucleotide) and 92.2%/98.8% (amino acid) identity with the two known Irkut virus isolates from Russia, and was designated IRKV-THChina12. Following intracranial and intramuscular injection, IRKV-THChina12 produced rabies-like symptoms in adult mice with a short inoculation period and high mortality. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that IRKV-THChina12 has the same genomic organization as other lyssaviruses and its isolation provides an independent origin for the species IRKV. Conclusions: We have identified the existence of a bat lyssavirus in a common Chinese bat species. Its high pathogenicity in adult mice suggests that public warnings and medical education regarding bat bites in China should be increased, and that surveillance be extended to provide a better understanding of Irkut virus ecology and its significance for public health.