关键词： Lloviu virus   Filovirus   Interferon   Innate immune response   Interferon antagonist  

摘要： Lloviu virus (LLOV) is a new member of the filovirus family that also includes Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV). LLOV has not been cultured;however, its genomic RNA sequence indicates the coding capacity to produce homologs of the EBOV and MARV VP24, VP35, and VP40 proteins. EBOV and MARV VP35 proteins inhibit interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta production and EBOV VP35 blocks activation of the antiviral kinase PKR. The EBOV VP24 and MARV VP40 proteins inhibit IFN signaling, albeit by different mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that LLOV VP35 suppresses Sendai virus induced IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation, IFN-alpha/beta production, and PKR phosphorylation. Additionally, LLOV VP24 blocks tyrosine phosphoiylated STAT1 binding to karyopherin alpha 5 (KPNA5), STAT1 nuclear accumulation, and IFN-induced gene expression. LLOV VP40 lacks detectable IFN antagonist function. These activities parallel EBOV IFN inhibitory functions. EBOV and LLOV VP35 and VP24 proteins also inhibit IFN responses in bat cells. These data suggest that LLOV infection will block innate immune responses in a manner similar to EBOV. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： EBOLA virus   IMMUNE system   CYTOKINES   GENOMES   MOLECULAR microbiology  

摘要： Natural reservoir hosts are capable of maintaining low-level infection of pathogens without succumbing to severe disease. Several bat species are now known to be hosts of viruses such as Ebola, SARS, and Hendra, spilling these lethal viruses into the human population. These same infections can cause mass-inflammation in humans and other animals while remaining asymptomatic in the bat. Our data, from investigation of primary bat immune cells and studying bat homologs, suggests that inflammasome activation pathways may be altered with dampened activation in response to stimuli. Interrogation of the pathways reveals poor Asc-recruitment and low induction of caspase-activation to natural and synthetic ligand. Initial observations show several key mutations, altered kinetics and a decrease in sensitivity to induce signaling all appear to be involved. From this we can gain understanding into a natural mechanism for controlling excess inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： Chiroptera   ecological networks   emerging infectious disease   Rodentia   zoonoses  

摘要： Bats are natural reservoirs of several important emerging viruses. Cross-species transmission appears to be quite common among bats, which may contribute to their unique reservoir potential. Therefore, understanding the importance of bats as reservoirs requires examining them in a community context rather than concentrating on individual species. Here, we use a network approach to identify ecological and biological correlates of cross-species virus transmission in bats and rodents, another important host group. We show that given our current knowledge the bat viral sharing network is more connected than the rodent network, suggesting viruses may pass more easily between bat species. We identify host traits associated with important reservoir species: gregarious bats are more likely to share more viruses and bats which migrate regionally are important for spreading viruses through the network. We identify multiple communities of viral sharing within bats and rodents and highlight potential species traits that can help guide studies of novel pathogen emergence.

关键词： experimental infection   Marburg virus   Egyptian fruit bat   shedding   horizontal transmission  

摘要： Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) were inoculated subcutaneously (n = 22) with Marburg virus (MARV). No deaths, overt signs of morbidity, or gross lesions was identified, but microscopic pathological changes were seen in the liver of infected bats. The virus was detected in 15 different tissues and plasma but only sporadically in mucosal swab samples, urine, and fecal samples. Neither seroconversion nor viremia could be demonstrated in any of the in-contact susceptible bats (n = 14) up to 42 days after exposure to infected bats. In bats rechallenged (n = 4) on day 48 after infection, there was no viremia, and the virus could not be isolated from any of the tissues tested. This study confirmed that infection profiles are consistent with MARV replication in a reservoir host but failed to demonstrate MARV transmission through direct physical contact or indirectly via air. Bats develop strong protective immunity after infection with MARV.

关键词： Bats   Virus surveillance   Multiplex   Luminex   MagPlex-TAG  

摘要： Virus surveillance of wildlife populations is important for identifying, monitoring, and predicting the emergence of pathogens that pose a potential threat to animal and human health. Bats are identified as important wildlife hosts of many viruses capable of causing fatal human disease, including members of the henipaviruses, coronaviruses, rhabdoviruses and filoviruses. As global warming and habitat change are thought to impact upon pathogen transmission dynamics and increase the risk of spillover, virus surveillance in bat populations remains a significant component of efforts to improve the prediction and control of potential future disease outbreaks caused by bat-borne viruses. In this study we have developed two fluid bead array assays containing customized panels that target multiple bat-borne viruses. These assays detect up to 11 viral RNA's simultaneously in urine samples collected from wild bat populations in Australia and Bangladesh. The assays developed show high specificity for the target viruses and the analytical sensitivity compares favorably to gRT-PCR. These assays enhance the ability to monitor multi-pathogen dynamics and identify patterns of virus shedding from bat populations, thus informing key approaches to outbreak response and control. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： INFLUENZA viruses   DOUBLE-stranded RNA   NATURAL immunity  

摘要： We demonstrate that novel bat HL17NL10 and HL18NL11 influenza virus NS1 proteins are effective interferon antagonists but do not block general host gene expression. Solving the RNA-binding domain structures revealed the canonical NS1 symmetrical homodimer, and RNA binding required conserved basic residues in this domain. Interferon antagonism was strictly dependent on RNA binding, and chimeric bat influenza viruses expressing NS1s defective in this activity were highly attenuated in interferon-competent cells but not in cells unable to establish antiviral immunity.

关键词： Coronavirus   3C-like protease   MERS   HKU4   HKU5   SARS   Peptidomimetic compounds   Broad-spectrum inhibitors   Protease inhibitors   Zoonotic reservoir  

摘要： The bat coronavirus HKU4 belongs to the same 2c lineage as that of the deadly Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and shows high sequence similarity, therefore potentiating a threat to the human population through a zoonotic shift or 'spill over' event. To date, there are no effective vaccines or antiviral treatments available that are capable of limiting the pathogenesis of any human coronaviral infection. An attractive target for the development of anti-coronaviral therapeutics is the 3C-like protease (3CL(pro)), which is essential for the progression of the coronaviral life cycle. Herein, we report the screening results of a small, 230-member peptidomimetic library against HKU4-CoV 3CL(pro) and the identification of 43 peptidomimetic compounds showing good to excellent inhibitory potency of HKU4-CoV 3CL(pro) with IC50 values ranging from low micromolar to sub-micromolar. We established structure-activity relationships (SARs) describing the important ligand-based features required for potent HKU4-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibition and identified a seemingly favored peptidic backbone for HKU4-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibition. To investigate this, a molecular sub-structural analysis of the most potent HKU4-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor was accomplished by the synthesis and testing of the lead peptidomimetic inhibitor's sub-structural components, confirming the activity of the favored backbone (22A) identified via SAR analysis. In order to elucidate the structural reasons for such potent HKU4-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibition by the peptidomimetics having the 22A backbone, we determined the X-ray structures of HKU4-CoV 3CL(pro) in complex with three peptidomimetic inhibitors. Sequence alignment of HKU4-CoV 3CL(pro), and two other lineage C Betacoronaviruses 3CL(pro')s, HKU5-CoV and MERS-CoV 3CL(pro), show that the active site residues of HKU4-CoV 3CL(pro) that participate in inhibitor binding are conserved in HKU5-CoV and MERS-CoV 3CL(pro). Furthermore, we assayed our most potent HKU

关键词： Acute stress   Bacterial killing assay   Constitutive immunity   Innate immune system   Chiroptera  

摘要： Ecoimmunology of wild animals becomes increasingly important. However, there are methodical limitations, especially when working on small mammals, e.g. small sample volume and acute stress associated with capture, handling and sampling that can influence immune parameters. The plasma bacterial killing assay measures innate humoral immune responses, mainly complement activity. It is a powerful tool with many methodical advantages. To avoid investigation of artefacts in future ecoimmunological studies the influence of acute stress on the bacterial killing activity was assessed. Bats (Nyctalus noctula, n = 9) were repeatedly sampled in three time intervals up to 97 min after capture. Bacterial killing activity against Escherichia coil was measured using a microplate absorbance reader. Bacterial killing activity was not influenced by capture, handling and sampling. Hence, released stress hormones did not affect circulating complement activity. To conclude, the plasma bacterial killing assay is reliable and efficient ecoimmunological tool in wildlife studies even of small mammals. (C) 2015 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Saugetierkunde. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

关键词： 狂犬病病毒   蝙蝠   伊尔库特河病毒   细胞培养  

摘要： 通过对IRKV-THChina12适应细胞培养前后全基因组序列分析比对及与对不同种属狂犬病病毒氨基酸的比对,鉴定我国狂犬病病毒IRKV-THChina12株适应细胞培养后的分子生物学特性。结果显示,适应细胞培养后共发生11个核苷酸突变点和5个氨基酸突变点,其中1个氨基酸变异发生在P蛋白相互作用的LC8区域,2个氨基酸突变发生在M蛋白编码区,1个氨基酸突变发生在G(333位精氨酸未改变)蛋白编码区,L蛋白仅有1个氨基酸突变。结果表明,可能多个结构蛋白同时决定了病毒在Vero细胞的适应性,明确了本细胞适应毒株的分子生物学特性,为在细胞水平开展相关科学研究奠定了基础。

关键词： HEPATITIS E virus   PUBLIC health   BLOOD circulation   SWINE as laboratory animals   PREGNANT women   VIETNAM