关键词： bat virus   Chimeric virus   mumps virus   African bat mumps virus   neutralization   viruses  

摘要： Recently, a new paramyxovirus closely related to human mumps virus (MuV) was detected in bats. We generated recombinant MuVs carrying either or both of the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase bat virus glycoproteins. These viruses showed replication kinetics similar to human MuV in cultured cells and were neutralized efficiently by serum from healthy humans.

关键词： Nipah virus   NiV   fermented date palm sap   tari   Pteropus   bats   Bangladesh   paramyxovirus   viruses  

摘要： Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus, and Pteropus spp. bats are the natural reservoir. From December 2010 through March 2014, hospital-based encephalitis surveillance in Bangladesh identified 18 clusters of NiV infection. The source of infection for case-patients in 3 clusters in 2 districts was unknown. A team of epidemiologists and anthropologists investigated these 3 clusters comprising 14 case-patients, 8 of whom died. Among the 14 case-patients, 8 drank fermented date palm sap (tari) regularly before their illness, and 6 provided care to a person infected with NiV. The process of preparing date palm trees for tari production was similar to the process of collecting date palm sap for fresh consumption. Bat excreta was reportedly found inside pots used to make tari. These findings suggest that drinking tari is a potential pathway of NiV transmission. Interventions that prevent bat access to date palm sap might prevent tari-associated NiV infection.

关键词： 云南   蝙蝠   博卡病毒   进化分析  

摘要： 目的进一步发现云南新型蝙蝠病毒,并鉴定云南省蝙蝠携带博卡病毒(bocavirus)的遗传多样性。方法对采自景洪市的26只三叶蹄蝠进行了病毒宏基因组学分析,根据其结果对博卡病毒进行了PCR检测和全基因分析。结果与结论根据检测结果,从3只(11.5%)蝙蝠的肠道中发现了一种新型博卡病毒;通过全基因组扩增和分析,发现该病毒全长5203 nt,编码NS1、NP和VP1/VP2蛋白,分析显示该病毒NS1和VP1基因分别与博卡病毒代表种犬博卡病毒(canine bocavirus)1和犬微小病毒(canine minute virus)有最高的氨基酸序列相似性,达到58.7%和53.3%。依据国际病毒分类委员会病毒新种判断标准,NS1蛋白基因氨基酸序列相似性低于85%,为博卡细小病毒属新种,因而该病毒是一新博卡病毒种;该研究为进一步了解我国蝙蝠携带病毒的多样性提供了参考,同时为研究博卡病毒的宿主范围和进化关系提供了重要的基础数据。

摘要： The article explores the evidence showing fruit bats as the primary reservoirs for Ebola viruses (EBOV). Topics covered include the confirmation of EBOV-specific antibodies in certain fruit bat populations, the epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission and the link between fruit bats Marburg virus (MARV). Also mentioned are the sampling biases in the search for Ebola reservoir.

摘要： Studies have demonstrated that ~60%-80% of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in humans originated from wild life. Bats are natural reservoirs of a large variety of viruses, including many important zoonotic viruses that cause severe diseases in humans and domestic animals. However, the understanding of the viral population and the ecological diversity residing in bat populations is unclear, which complicates the determination of the origins of certain EIDs. Here, using bats as a typical wildlife reservoir model, virome analysis was conducted based on pharyngeal and anal swab samples of 4440 bat individuals of 40 major bat species throughout China. The purpose of this study was to survey the ecological and biological diversities of viruses residing in these bat species, to investigate the presence of potential bat-borne zoonotic viruses and to evaluate the impacts of these viruses on public health. The data obtained in this study revealed an overview of the viral community present in these bat samples. Many novel bat viruses were reported for the first time and some bat viruses closely related to known human or animal pathogens were identified. This genetic evidence provides new clues in the search for the origin or evolution pattern of certain viruses, such as coronaviruses and noroviruses. These data offer meaningful ecological information for predicting and tracing wildlife-originated EIDs.

关键词： Anatomy   Animals   Bats   Biology and life sciences   Body fluids   Computer and information sciences   Coronaviruses   Data management   Mammals   Medical microbiology   Medicine and health sciences   Microbial pathogens   Microbial taxonomy   Microbiology   Organisms   Paramyxoviruses   Pathogens   Pathology and laboratory medicine   Physiology   Research Article   RNA viruses   Serology   Taxonomy   Urine   Vertebrates   Viral pathogens   Viral taxonomy   Virology   Viruses  

摘要： Viral discovery studies in bats have increased dramatically over the past decade, yet a rigorous synthesis of the published data is lacking. We extract and analyze data from 93 studies published between 2007-2013 to examine factors that increase success of viral discovery in bats, and specific trends and patterns of infection across host taxa and viral families. Over the study period, 248 novel viruses from 24 viral families have been described. Using generalized linear models, at a study level we show the number of host species and viral families tested best explained number of viruses detected. We demonstrate that prevalence varies significantly across viral family, specimen type, and host taxonomy, and calculate mean PCR prevalence by viral family and specimen type across all studies. Using a logistic model, we additionally identify factors most likely to increase viral detection at an individual level for the entire dataset and by viral families with sufficient sample sizes. Our analysis highlights major taxonomic gaps in recent bat viral discovery efforts and identifies ways to improve future viral pathogen detection through the design of more efficient and targeted sample collection and screening approaches.

关键词： chiropteran   Influenzavirus A   influenza   Influenza Virus   viruses   Neuraminidase   Artifacts   Latin America  

摘要： The identification of influenza A-like genomic sequences in bats suggests the existence of distinct lineages of chiropteran influenza viruses in South and Central America. These viruses share similarities with conventional influenza A viruses but lack the canonical receptor-binding property and neuraminidase function. The inability to isolate infectious bat influenza viruses impeded further studies, however, reverse genetic analysis provided new insights into the molecular biology of these viruses. In this review, we highlight the recent developments in the field of the newly discovered bat-derived influenza A-like viruses. We also discuss whether bats are a neglected natural reservoir of influenza viruses, the risk associated with bat influenza viruses for humans and whether these viruses originate from the pool of avian IAV or vice versa.

关键词： Reoviruses   L929 cells   Reverse genetics   Viral replication   Immune serum   Recombinant proteins   Transfection   Virions  

摘要： Nelson Bay orthoreoviruses (NBVs) are members of the fusogenic orthoreoviruses and possess 10-segmented double-stranded RNA genomes. NBV was first isolated from a fruit bat in Australia more than 40 years ago, but it was not associated with any disease. However, several NBV strains have been recently identified as causative agents for respiratory tract infections in humans. Isolation of these pathogenic bat reoviruses from patients suggests that NBVs have evolved to propagate in humans in the form of zoonosis. To date, no strategy has been developed to rescue infectious viruses from cloned cDNA for any member of the fusogenic orthoreoviruses. In this study, we report the development of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system free of helper viruses and independent of any selection for NBV isolated from humans with acute respiratory infection. cDNAs corresponding to each of the 10 full-length RNA gene segments of NBV were cotransfected into culture cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase, and viable NBV was isolated using a plaque assay. The growth kinetics and cell-to-cell fusion activity of recombinant strains, rescued using the reverse genetics system, were indistinguishable from those of native strains. We used the reverse genetics system to generate viruses deficient in the cell attachment protein sigma C to define the biological function of this protein in the viral life cycle. Our results with sigma C-deficient viruses demonstrated that sigma C is dispensable for cell attachment in several cell lines, including murine fibroblast L929 cells but not in human lung epithelial A549 cells, and plays a critical role in viral pathogenesis. We also used the system to rescue a virus that expresses a yellow fluorescent protein. The reverse genetics system developed in this study can be applied to study the propagation and pathogenesis of pathogenic NBVs and in the generation of recombinant NBVs for future vaccines and therapeutics.

关键词： Bat influenza virus   Hemagglutinin   Pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus  

摘要： Recently found bat-derived influenza viruses (BatlVs) have hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments distinct from those of previously known influenza A viruses. However, pathogenicities of these BatlVs remain unknown since infectious virus strains have not been isolated yet. To gain insight into the biological properties of BatlVs, we generated vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs) pseudotyped with the BatIV HA and NA. We found that VSVs pseudotyped with BatIV HAs and NAs efficiently infected particular bat cell lines but not those derived from primates, and that proteolytic cleavage with a trypsinlike protease was necessary for HA-mediated virus entry. Treatment of the susceptible bat cells with some enzymes and inhibitors revealed that BatIV HAs might recognize some cellular glycoproteins as receptors rather than the sialic acids used for the other known influenza viruses. These data provide fundamental information on the mechanisms underlying the cellular entry and host restriction of BatIVs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 蝙蝠   流感病毒   NS1基因   单克隆抗体   免疫学活性  

摘要： 甲型流感病毒属于正黏病毒科，基因组由8个节段的单股负链RNA组成，通过剪切拼接、移码等机制，至少编码14种病毒蛋白。流感病毒亚型分类根据两种主要的表面蛋白，血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)。在鉴定出蝙蝠流感病毒(Bat Influenzavirus，BIV)之前，已有16种HA亚型和9种NA亚型被发现，主要存在于鸟类、水禽体内。在这些病毒中，只有H1N1、H2N2和H3N2能感染人并引起大流行。最近，有两个新亚型在危地马拉小黄肩蝙蝠（叶口蝠科黄肩蝠属）和秘鲁平脸果蝠（叶口蝠科牙买加果蝠属）中被发现可能存在H17N10和H18N11两种新型的流感病毒。\n 非结构蛋白(NS1)是流感病毒中最主要的多功能免疫抑制因子，与双链RNA(dsRNA)结合，导致病毒在复制时dsRNA的减少，从而抑制抗病毒信号传导通路，阻止干扰素-α/β（IFN-α/1β）产生;抑制应激激活蛋白激酶(Jun N-terminal Kinase，JNK)和转录激活因子(Transcription Activitor, AP-1)的激活，导致抗病毒和炎性细胞因子的基因不能正常转录;NS1与视黄酸诱导基因-I(RIG-I)形成复合体，阻止前转录中干扰素的合成。在抗干扰素和其他多种抑制先天性免疫途径中发挥了上调作用。H17N10亚型蝙蝠流感病毒与其他A型流感病毒的NS1具有50％同源性，但BNS1却极可能显示出更强的免疫调节作用。重组H17N10亚型蝙蝠流感病毒NS1（以下缩写为:BNS1）的PR8抗干扰素活性显著被增强。BNS1可结合双链RNA，显著抑制天然免疫反应。\n 本研究通过构建H17N10亚型蝙蝠流感病毒NS1基因的原核表达载体，利用原核表达产物制备小鼠多抗血清，经间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)检测其特异性。用真核表达载体p3 Tag-BNS1转染293T细胞进行免疫印迹检测。通过IFA及Western-blot检测，结果:BNS1原核表达产物为可溶性表达;BNS1多抗抗血清能与BNS1真核表达产物发生特异性结合;BNS1抗血清具备良好的免疫学活性。\n 利用H17N10亚型流感病毒的NS1蛋白原核表达产物免疫Balb/C小鼠，制备单克隆抗体。用真核表达载体p3Tag-BNS1转染的293T细胞作为筛选抗原，间接免疫荧光法筛选单抗，结果获得了5株特异性单抗，分别命名为:5E5、2B1、2D9、4G12、6A11。经间接免疫荧光及免疫印迹检测，结果发现:这五株单抗均有较好的免疫荧光效价;只有5E5和2B1两株单抗的免疫印迹呈阳性反应，其余3株全为阴性结果。分别将H1N1、H5N1、H9N2、H10N8、H10N3、H10N7、H17N10、H18N11亚型流感病毒NS1的真核表达质粒分别转染293T细胞，通过IFA鉴定发现:仅5E5单抗对蝙蝠流感病毒具有特异性。单克隆抗体亚类鉴定显示:2B1株为IgM，其余4株都为IgG2a。为鉴定BNS1单抗识别的抗原表位，构建BNS1截短体质粒，经原核表达，免疫印迹检测，结果显示:2B1单抗针对的抗原表位是30DAPF33，5E5单抗针对的抗原表位是34E。双分子荧光素酶报告系统检测发现:BNS1能够明显抑制IFN-β启动子活性。NS1单抗的制备对研究该蛋白功能及结构有重要意义，这为下一步深入研究BNS1的生物学功能奠定了基础。