关键词： Toll-like receptor   TLR8   Persistent positive selection   Episodic positive selection   ssRNA virus   Chiroptera  

摘要： Recently, bats have gained attention as potential reservoir hosts for emerging zoonotic single-stranded (ssRNA) viruses that may prove fatal for humans and other mammals. It has been hypothesized that some features of their innate immune system may enable bats to trigger an efficient early immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a first line defense within the innate immune system and lie directly at the host-pathogen interface in targeting specific microbe-molecular patterns. However, the direction and strength of selection acting on TLRs are largely unknown for bats. Here, we studied the selection on viral ssRNA sensing TLR8 based on sequence data of 21 bat species. The major part (63 %) of the TLR8 gene evolved under purifying selection, likely due to functional constraints. We also found evidence for persistent positive selection acting on specific amino acid sites (7 %), especially when compared to viral TLR evolution of other mammals. All of these putatively positively selected codons were located in the ligand-binding ectodomain, some coincidenced or were in close proximity to functional sites, as suggested by the crystallographic structure of the human TLR8. This might contribute to the inter-species variation in the ability to recognize molecular patterns of viruses. TLR8 evolution within bats revealed that branches leading to ancestral and recent lineages evolved under episodic positive selection, indicating selective selection pressures in restricted bat lineages. Altogether, we found that the TLR8 displays extensive sequence variation within bats and that unique features separate them from humans and other mammals.

关键词： Tioman virus   Pteropus   Bat   Paramyxovirus   Nucleocapsid gene   PCR  

摘要： Bat-borne viral diseases are a major public health concern among newly emerging infectious diseases which includes severe acute respiratory syndrome, Nipah, Marburg and Ebola virus disease. During the survey for Nipah virus among bats at North-East region of India;Tioman virus (TioV), a new member of the Paramyxoviridae family was isolated from tissues of Pteropus giganteus bats for the first time in India. This isolate was identified and confirmed by RT-PCR, sequence analysis and electron microscopy. A range of vertebrate cell lines were shown to be susceptible to Tioman virus. Negative electron microscopy study revealed the "herringbone" morphology of the nucleocapsid filaments and enveloped particles with distinct envelope projections a characteristic of the Paramyxoviridae family. Sequence analysis of Nucleocapsid gene of TioV demonstrated sequence identity of 99.87% and 99.99% nucleotide and amino acid respectively with of TioV strain isolated in Malaysia, 2001. This report demonstrates the first isolation of Tioman virus from a region where Nipah virus activity has been noticed in the past and recent years. Bat-borne viruses have become serious concern world-wide. A Survey of bats for novel viruses in this region would help in recognizing emerging viruses and combating diseases caused by them. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Orbicular batfish   Asparagopsis taxiformis   Immunostimulant   Lysozyme G   Transforming growth factor   Relative gene expression  

摘要： The emerging orbicular batfish (Platax orbicularis) aquaculture is the most important fish aquaculture industry in French Polynesia. However, bacterial infections are causing severe mortality episodes. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find an effective management solution. Besides the supplying difficulty and high costs of veterinary drugs in French Polynesia, batfish aquaculture takes place close to the coral reef, where use of synthetic persistent drugs should be restricted. Medicinal plants and bioactive algae are emerging as a cheaper and more sustainable alternative to chemical drugs. We have studied the effect of local Polynesian plants and the local opportunistic algae Asparagopsis taxiformis on batfish when orally administered. Weight gain and expression of two immune-related genes (lysozyme g Lys G and transforming growth factor beta-TGF-beta 1) were studied to analyze immunostimulant activity of plants on P. orbicularis. Results showed that several plants increased Lys G and TGF-beta 1 expression on orbicular batfish after 2 and 3 weeks of oral administration. A. taxiformis was the plant displaying the most promising results, promoting a weight gain of 24% after 3 weeks of oral administration and significantly increasing the relative amount of both Lys G and TGF-beta 1 transcripts in kidney and spleen of P. orbicularis. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Amniotes   Animal types   Animals   Bats   Biology and life sciences   Coronaviruses   Earth sciences   Ebola virus   Filoviruses   Geography   Hemorrhagic fever viruses   Henipavirus   Human geography   Human mobility   Infectious diseases   Mammals   Medical microbiology   Medicine and health sciences   Microbial pathogens   Microbiology   Nipah virus   Organisms   Paramyxoviruses   Pathogens   Pathology and laboratory medicine   Research Article   RNA viruses   Social sciences   Vertebrates   Viral load   Viral pathogens   Viral transmission and infection   Virology   Viruses   Wildlife   Zoology   Zoonoses  

摘要： Bat-borne viruses have been linked to a number of zoonotic diseases;in 2014 there have been human cases of Nipah virus (NIV) in Bangladesh and Ebola virus in West and Central Africa. Here we describe a model designed to provide initial quantitative predictions of the risk of entry of such viruses to European Union (EU) Member States (MSs) through four routes: human travel, legal trade (e.g. fruit and animal products), live animal movements and illegal importation of bushmeat. The model utilises available datasets to assess the movement via these routes between individual countries of the world and EU MSs. These data are combined with virus specific data to assess the relative risk of entry between EU MSs. As a case study, the model was parameterised for NiV. Scenario analyses showed that the selection of exporting countries with NiV and potentially contaminated trade products were essential to the accuracy of all model outputs. Uncertainty analyses of other model parameters identified that the model expected number of years to an introduction event within the EU was highly susceptible to the prevalence of NiV in bats. The relative rankings of the MSs and routes, however, were more robust. The UK, the Netherlands and Germany were consistently the most likely points of entry and the ranking of most MSs varied by no more than three places (maximum variation five places). Legal trade was consistently the most likely route of entry, only falling below human travel when the estimate of the prevalence of NiV in bats was particularly low. Any model-based calculation is dependent on the data available to feed into the model and there are distinct gaps in our knowledge, particularly in regard to various pathogen/virus as well as host/bat characteristics. However, the strengths of this model lie in the provision of relative comparisons of risk among routes and MSs. The potential for expansion of the model to include other routes and viruses and the possibility of rapid paramet

摘要： The unprecedented outbreak of Ebola in West Africa resulted in over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths, underlining the need for a better understanding of the biology of this highly pathogenic virus to develop specific counter strategies. Two filoviruses, the Ebola and Marburg viruses, result in a severe and often fatal infection in humans. However, bats are natural hosts and survive filovirus infections without obvious symptoms. The molecular basis of this striking difference in the response to filovirus infections is not well understood. We report a systematic overview of differentially expressed genes, activity motifs and pathways in human and bat cells infected with the Ebola and Marburg viruses, and we demonstrate that the replication of filoviruses is more rapid in human cells than in bat cells. We also found that the most strongly regulated genes upon filovirus infection are chemokine ligands and transcription factors. We observed a strong induction of the JAK/STAT pathway, of several genes encoding inhibitors of MAP kinases (DUSP genes) and of PPP1R15A, which is involved in ER stress-induced cell death. We used comparative transcriptomics to provide a data resource that can be used to identify cellular responses that might allow bats to survive filovirus infections.

关键词： 狂犬病病毒   流感病毒   跨膜蛋白   干扰素   诱导性   细胞内   蝙蝠   野猪  

摘要： 干扰素诱导性跨膜蛋白3（ IFITM3）是一种限制因子，它能阻止通过酸性内涵体进入途径的大多数病毒进入细胞内。在人类和小鼠中， IFITM3可以降低流感病毒引起的发病率和死亡率。尽管对 IF-ITM3敏感的大部分病毒引起人畜共患病，但是对于除了哺乳纲中人和小鼠之外的其他物种而言， IF-ITM3是否发挥了抗病毒限制因子的功能，这一机制不得而知。在此，微型蝙蝠（鼠耳蝙蝠属）和猪（野猪）体内IFITM3的直向同源基因利用cDNA末端快速扩增的方式已被鉴定出来。在猪和微型蝙蝠的同源基因中对IFITM3的功能起重要作用的氨基酸残基是保守的。在猪和微型蝙蝠体内， IFITM3异位表达的是由转铁蛋白（早期内涵体）和CD63分子（晚期内涵体/多泡体）共局限化的。

关键词： 特定蛋白质   禽流感传播   蝙蝠   病毒   风险图   出炉   科学家   预测   白血病  

关键词： 蝙蝠   人畜共患病毒  

摘要： 蝙蝠是多种重要人兽共患病毒的储存宿主，迄今为止已在蝙蝠体内分离到80多种病毒，随着二代测序等技术的发展，新的蝙蝠病毒还将不断被发现。研究显示，有25个病毒科病毒能够感染脊椎动物，其中有10个科被证实与蝙蝠有关，包括黄病毒科、布尼亚病毒科、副粘病毒科、丝状病毒科、弹状病毒科、冠状病毒科、披膜病毒科、正粘病毒科、呼肠孤病毒科等。除此之外，蝙蝠还被证实可携带禽流感病毒、森林脑炎病毒等。大部分病毒曾引起人或动物间的疾病流行，有些病毒还会导致蝙蝠个体的发病和死亡。因此，从人类健康和蝙蝠生态保护角度来看，研究蝙蝠携带病毒的病毒谱、蝙蝠和病毒的关系、可能的传播途径以及潜在危害性等，对我们全面认识蝙蝠携带病毒特性及加强蝙蝠传播病毒的防治十分重要。

关键词： Amniotes   Animals   Antibodies   Bats   Biochemistry   Biology and life sciences   Booster doses   Enzyme-linked immunoassays   Immune physiology   Immune system proteins   Immunoassays   Immunologic techniques   Immunology   Infectious diseases   Lyssavirus   Mammals   Medical microbiology   Medicine and health sciences   Microbial pathogens   Microbiology   Neglected tropical diseases   Organisms   Pathogens   Pathology and laboratory medicine   Physiology   Preventive medicine   Proteins   Public and occupational health   Rabies   Rabies virus   Research and analysis methods   Research Article   RNA viruses   Tropical diseases   Vaccination and immunization   Vaccines   Vertebrates   Viral diseases   Viral pathogens   Viruses   Zoonoses  

摘要： Background Animal control measures in Latin America have decreased the incidence of urban human rabies transmitted by dogs and cats;currently most cases of human rabies are transmitted by bats. In 2004-2005, rabies outbreaks in populations living in rural Brazil prompted widespread vaccination of exposed and at-risk populations. More than 3,500 inhabitants of Augusto Correa (Para A State) received either post-exposure (PEP) or pre-exposure (PrEP) prophylaxis. This study evaluated the persistence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) annually for 4 years post-vaccination. The aim was to evaluate the impact of rabies PrEP and PEP in a population at risk living in a rural setting to help improve management of vampire bat exposure and provide additional data on the need for booster vaccination against rabies. Methodology/Principal Findings This prospective study was conducted in 2007 through 2009 in a population previously vaccinated in 2005;study participants were followed-up annually. An RVNA titer >0.5 International Units (IU)/mL was chosen as the threshold of seroconversion. Participants with titers <= 0.5 IU/mL or Equivalent Units (EU)/mL at enrollment or at subsequent annual visits received booster doses of purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV). Adherence of the participants from this Amazonian community to the study protocol was excellent, with 428 of the 509 (84%) who attended the first interview in 2007 returning for the final visit in 2009. The long-term RVNA persistence was good, with 85-88.0% of the non-boosted participants evaluated at each yearly follow-up visit remaining seroconverted. Similar RVNA persistence profiles were observed in participants originally given PEP or PrEP in 2005, and the GMT of the study population remained >1 IU/mL 4 years after vaccination. At the end of the study, 51 subjects (11.9% of the interviewed population) had received at least one dose of booster since their vaccination in 2005. Conclusions/Significance This s

关键词： Amniotes   Anatomy   Animal anatomy   Animals   Arms   Bats   Biology and life sciences   Digestive system   Geographical locations   Hands   Head   Infectious diseases   Jaw   Limbs (anatomy)   Lyssavirus   Mammals   Medical microbiology   Medicine and health sciences   Microbial pathogens   Microbiology   Musculoskeletal system   Neglected tropical diseases   North America   Organisms   Pathogens   Pathology and laboratory medicine   People and places   Rabies   Rabies virus   Research and analysis methods   Research Article   Research assessment   RNA viruses   Systematic reviews   Teeth   Thumbs   Tropical diseases   United States   Vertebrates   Viral diseases   Viral pathogens   Viruses   Wings   Zoology   Zoonoses  

摘要： In the United States and Canada, the most recent documented cases of rabies have been attributed to bat rabies viruses (RABV). We undertook this systematic review in an effort to summarize and enhance understanding of the risk of infection for individuals who have been potentially exposed to a suspect or confirmed rabid bat. United States rabies surveillance summaries documented a total of 41 human bat-rabies virus variant verified non-transplant cases between 1990 and 2015. All cases were fatal. Seven (17.1%) of 41 cases reported a bite from a bat. Ten (24.3%) cases had unprotected physical contact (UPC);these included seven cases that had a bat land or crawl on them (contact with claws) and one case that touched a bat's teeth. Seven (17.1%) cases had probable UPC. Insectivorous bat teeth are extremely sharp and highly efficient for predation upon arthropod prey. Bats also have sharp claws on the end of their thumbs and feet. One of the most common bat RABV variants has an ability to replicate in non-neural cells. Questioning individuals about unprotected contact with bat teeth and claws (including a bat landing or crawling on a person) may help identify additional exposures.