关键词： Bats   Mosquitoes   Blood   Antibodies   Polymerase chain reaction   Phylogenetic analysis   Dengue virus   Wildlife  

摘要： Several studies have shown Dengue Virus (DENV) nucleic acids and/or antibodies present in Neotropical wildlife including bats, suggesting that some bat species may be susceptible to DENV infection. Here we aim to elucidate the role of house-roosting bats in the DENV transmission cycle. Bats were sampled in households located in high and low dengue incidence regions during rainy and dry seasons in Costa Rica. We captured 318 bats from 12 different species in 29 households. Necropsies were performed in 205 bats to analyze virus presence in heart, lung, spleen, liver, intestine, kidney, and brain tissue. Histopathology studies from all organs showed no significant findings of disease or infection. Sera were analyzed by PRNT90 for a seroprevalence of 21.2% (51/241), and by PCR for 8.8% (28/318) positive bats for DENV RNA. From these 28 bats, 11 intestine samples were analyzed by RT-PCR. Two intestines were DENV RNA positive for the same dengue serotype detected in blood. Viral isolation from all positive organs or blood was unsuccessful. Additionally, viral load analyses in positive blood samples by qRT-PCR showed virus concentrations under the minimal dose required for mosquito infection. Simultaneously, 651 mosquitoes were collected using EVS-CO2 traps and analyzed for DENV and feeding preferences (bat cytochrome b). Only three mosquitoes were found DENV positive and none was positive for bat cytochrome b. Our results suggest an accidental presence of DENV in bats probably caused from oral ingestion of infected mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest also a spillover event from humans to bats. Therefore, we conclude that bats in these urban environments do not sustain DENV amplification, they do not have a role as reservoirs, but function as epidemiological dead end hosts for this virus.

关键词： Rabies virus   Brazil   municipality   Chiroptera   Myotis   Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction  

摘要： Bats have aroused growing attention in the public health sphere because they are considered the main reservoir of rabies virus (RABV) in the Americas, in places where canine rabies is under control. Antigenic and genetic studies of RABV isolates have been used to describe the epidemiological profile of rabies and to identify possible hosts/reservoirs for different epidemiological cycles. This study describes the antigenic and genotypic characterization of 19 RABV isolates from central nervous system samples of non-hematophagous bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). These bats were diagnosed as RABV positive by direct fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests. Antigenic characterization using a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies revealed that 7 of 19 RABV isolates from these bats belonged to variant 3, for which the hematophagous bat species Desmodus rotundus is the main reservoir, and 1 of 19 RABV isolates from an insectivorous bat belonged to variant 4, which is characteristic of these bats. The remaining 11 RABV samples were divided into six non-compatible profiles. The isolates were subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the N gene and partially sequenced. Genetic characterization of these isolates was performed by grouping the sequences obtained with known RABV lineages. The sequences were grouped in clusters by the phylogenetic inference neighbor-joining method, together with another 89 homologous sequences obtained from GenBank. This analysis grouped the isolates into four known lineages: Nyctinomops Brazil, Myotis Brazil, Eptesicus Brazil and D. rotundus Brazil, as well as another cluster that may define a RABV lineage not yet characterized, here named Myotis Brazil II, for which bats of the genus Myotis apparently act as reservoirs. This assumption of a new lineage is also based on the observation of amino acid substitutions, with an average intraspecific identity of 99.8%, varying from 99.6 to 100.0% for nucleotides and 100.0% for

摘要： Influenza A viruses (IAVs) continue to threaten animal and human health globally. Bats are asymptomatic reservoirs for many zoonotic viruses. Recent reports of two novel IAVs in fruit bats and serological evidence of avian influenza virus (AIV) H9 infection in frugivorous bats raise questions about the role of bats in IAV epidemiology. IAVs bind to sialic acid (SA) receptors on host cells, and it is widely believed that hosts expressing both SA alpha 2,3-Gal and SA alpha 2,6-Gal receptors could facilitate genetic reassortment of avian and human IAVs. We found abundant co-expression of both avian (SA alpha 2,3-Gal) and human (SA alpha 2,6-Gal) type SA receptors in little brown bats (LBBs) that were compatible with avian and human IAV binding. This first ever study of IAV receptors in a bat species suggest that LBBs, a widely-distributed bat species in North America, could potentially be co-infected with avian and human IAVs, facilitating the emergence of zoonotic strains.

关键词： antibodies   bats   ELISA   paramyxoviruses  

摘要： Bats are reservoir hosts for many paramyxoviruses, some of which cause human and zoonotic diseases of public health importance. We developed a Nipah virus nucleoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect cross-reactive antibodies in serum samples from several bat species in Brazil. Our results warrant further investigation of henipa-like virus reservoirs in the Western hemisphere.

关键词： accidental host   bat   Ebola virus   Marburg virus   immune evasion   interferon-inhibiting domain   interferons   natural host  

摘要： Marburg (MARV) and Ebola (EBOV) viruses are zoonotic pathogens that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. The natural reservoir of MARV is the Egyptian rousette bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus);that of EBOV is unknown but believed to be another bat species. The Egyptian rousette develops subclinical productive infection with MARV but is refractory to EBOV. Interaction of filoviruses with hosts is greatly affected by the viral interferon (IFN)-inhibiting domains (IID). Our study was aimed at characterization of innate immune responses to filoviruses and the role of filovirus IID in bat and human cells. The study demonstrated that EBOV and MARV replicate to similar levels in all tested cell lines, indicating that permissiveness for EBOV at cell and organism levels do not necessarily correlate. Filoviruses, particularly MARV, induced a potent innate immune response in rousette cells, which was generally stronger than that in human cells. Both EBOV VP35 and VP24 IID were found to suppress the innate immune response in rousette cells, but only VP35 IID appeared to promote virus replication. Along with IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, IFN-gamma was demonstrated to control filovirus infection in bat cells but not in human cells, suggesting host species specificity of the antiviral effect. The antiviral effects of bat IFNs appeared not to correlate with induction of IFN-stimulated genes 54 and 56, which were detected in human cells ectopically expressing bat IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. As bat IFN-gamma induced the type I IFN pathway, its antiviral effect is likely to be partially induced via cross talk. IMPORTANCE Bats serve as reservoirs for multiple emerging viruses, including filoviruses, henipaviruses, lyssaviruses, and zoonotic coronaviruses. Although there is no evidence for symptomatic disease caused by either Marburg or Ebola viruses in bats, spillover of these viruses into human populations causes deadly outbreaks. The reason for the lack of symptomatic disease in bats infected

关键词： 蝙蝠蛾拟青霉   发酵   质量标准   免疫调节  

摘要： 目的:建立蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌100 L发酵菌丝体质量标准,并验证其安全性和免疫调节活性.方法:采用高效液相色谱等方法,在测定菌丝体产量和腺苷含量的基础上,测定其水分、一般杂质、酸不溶性杂质和重金属含量.此外,进行了小鼠免疫增强实验.结果:菌丝体产量不少于20.80 g/L,菌丝体中腺苷含量不少于0.27%,水分含量不超过6.71%,总灰分含量不超过1.26%,酸不溶性灰分含量不超过0.15%,重金属含量少于国家标准计入质量标准正文.小鼠免疫增强实验显示,发酵菌丝体显著提高小鼠迟发型超敏反应,并对IL-10、IL-12、IL-12R、IFN-α等炎症相关因子水平具有上调作用.结论:初步建立了蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌100 L发酵菌丝体质量标准,并证实其在小白鼠体内的安全性和免疫调节活性.

关键词： 蝙蝠   圆环病毒   基因   进化分析  

摘要： 自首次从棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaultii)中检测到圆环病毒后,不断有研究小组从不同地域的多种蝙蝠体内发现类似病毒。为掌握中国东部沿海蝙蝠圆环病毒的流行病学资料,以浙江省舟山地区采集的大卫鼠耳蝠的肠道组织为模板,采用巢式PCR和染色体步移法相结合的方法获得一株蝙蝠圆环病毒的全基因组序列,并命名为BtCV-DS13。序列分析表明,BtCV-DS13全基因组长度为1 873nt,具有圆环病毒的典型基因组结构特征。同源性比较显示,与已公布的4种蝙蝠来源的圆环病毒(Bat1、Bat2、Bat3)或环病毒代表株(Cyclovirus bat)的同源性均较低,分别为22.9%、53.5%、24.7%和4.5%。系统进化分析显示,BtCV-DS13处于圆环病毒属的一个大分支中,与猪圆环病毒和蝙蝠圆环病毒处于其中同一个小分支。基于以上分析,初步判断BtCV-DS13在分类上是一种新的蝙蝠圆环病毒。

关键词： Dengue   Viral infection   in vitro studies   Bats  

摘要： Dengue is the most widespread arboviral disease affecting humans. Bats are recognized carriers of emerging viral zoonoses and have been proposed as dengue reservoirs, since RNA/NS1 and/or antiviral antibodies have been detected. Yet, experimental inoculation of Artibeus bats failed to show virus replication. This conflicting results prevent drawing further conclusions of whether bats sustain dengue infection. To test bat cellular permissivity to dengue infection, we established primary bat embryonic cells from diverse organs and tissues of Artibeus jamaicensis, Molossus sinaloae, and Desmodus rotundus. We observed a limited serotype-, organ-, and bat species-specific dengue susceptibility. Only some Molossusderived primary cells sustained poorly initial Dengue serotype-1 replication, though it was latter absent. To elucidate if Molossus bats may play a role in dengue replication, ecological or in vivo experiments must be performed. Taken together our results show that Dengue did not replicate efficiently in cell lines derived from Neotropical bat species. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： neutralizing antibodies   mumps virus   viral envelope proteins   zoonoses   cross-reactive antibodies  

摘要： To evaluate the antigenic relationship between bat mumps virus (BMV) and the JL5 vaccine strain of mumps virus (MuV(JL5)), we rescued a chimeric virus bearing the F and HN glycoproteins of BMV in the background of a recombinant JL5 genome (rMuV(JL5)). Cross-reactivity and cross-neutralization between this chimeric recombinant MuV bearing the F and HN glycoproteins of BMV (rMuV(JL5)-F/HNBMV) virus and rMuV(JL5) were demonstrated using hyperimmune mouse serum samples and a curated panel of human serum. All mouse and human serum samples that were able to neutralize rMuV(JL5) infection had cross-neutralizing activity against rMuV(JL5)-F/HNBMV. Our data suggest that persons who have neutralizing antibodies against MuV might be protected from infection by BMV.

关键词： Artibeus jamaicensis   bats   Grenada   rabies   serology   virus  

摘要： Introduction: Grenada is a rabies endemic country, where terrestrial rabies is maintained in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). The role of bats in the epidemiology of rabies in Grenada is unknown. A 1974 report described one rabies virus positive Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis), and a high seroprevalence in this species. In the current study, the natural exposure to rabies virus in Grenadian bats was re-evaluated. It is postulated that bats serve as a natural rabies reservoir, probably circulating a bat-specific rabies virus variant. Material and methods: Bats were trapped in 2015 in all six parishes of Grenada using mist- and hand nets. For the detection of rabies virus in brain tissue, the direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used. Serum neutralizing antibodies were determined using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN). Results and discussion: Brain tissue and sera from 111 insectivorous and frugivorous bats belonging to four species were tested (52 Artibeus jamaicensis, two Artibeus lituratus, 33 Glossophaga longirostris, 24 Molossus molossus). Rabies virus antigen and genomic RNA were not detected in brain tissues. Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in the sera of eight A. jamaicensis in four of the six parishes. Bats in Grenada continue to show natural exposure to rabies virus. As rabies virus was not isolated in this study, serology alone is not sufficient to determine the strain of rabies virus circulating in A. jamaicensis bats in Grenada. Conclusion: Artibeus jamaicensis appears to play a role as a reservoir bat species, which is of public health concern in Grenada. Dispersion of bats to neighboring islands is possible and serological bat surveys should be initiated in these neighboring states, especially in those areas that are free of rabies in terrestrial mammals. © 2017, © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK