关键词： MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome   VIRUSES  

摘要： After Publication of the article [1], it has been brought to our attention that an author's name has been spelt incorrectly. The correct spelling should be "Massimo Ciccozzi", but it was previously included as "Massimo Cicozzi". The original version has now been revised to reflect this.

关键词： Antioxidants   Autumn   Biochemistry   Biology and life sciences   Chemical reactions   Chemistry   Earth sciences   Electrochemistry   Immune response   Immunology   Mathematical and statistical techniques   Mathematics   Medicine and health sciences   Multivariate analysis   Oxidation-reduction reactions   Physical sciences   Principal component analysis   Research and analysis methods   Research Article   Seasons   Statistical methods   Statistics (mathematics)   Summer   Winter  

摘要： Little is known of how the stress response varies when animals confront seasonal life-history processes. Antioxidant defenses and damage caused by oxidative stress and their link with immunocompetence are powerful biomarkers to assess animal A s physiological stress response. The aim of this study was A) to determine redox state and variation in basal (preacute stress) immune function during summer, autumn and winter (spring was not assessed due to restrictions in collecting permit) in the fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi;Chiroptera), and B) to determine the effect of acute stress on immunocompetence and redox state during each season. Acute stress was stimulated by restricting animal movement for 6 and 12 h. The magnitude of the cellular immune response was higher during winter whilst that of the humoral response was at its highest during summer. Humoral response increased after 6 h of movement restriction stress and returned to baseline levels after 12 h. Basal redox state was maintained throughout the year, with no significant changes in protein damage, and antioxidant activity was modulated mainly in relation to variation to environment cues, increasing during high temperatures and decreasing during windy nights. Antioxidant activity increased after the 6 h of stressful stimuli especially during summer and autumn, and to a lesser extent in early winter, but redox state did not vary. However, protein damage increased after 12 h of stress during summer. Prolonged stress when the bat is engaged in activities of high energy demand overcame its capacity to maintain homeostasis resulting in oxidative damage.

关键词： SARS病毒   严重急性呼吸道综合征   蝙蝠   病毒毒株   广东省   云南省   菊头蝠   病毒学  

摘要： 2002年，中国广东省率先出现严重急性呼吸道综合征（SARS），病情迅速蔓延全球，最终造成近800人死亡。l5年之后，在中国云南省一处偏僻的洞穴里，病毒学家找到了一群菊头蝠，并最终确定它们携带的病毒毒株含有SARS病毒的全部基因组分。该论文已于2017年11月30日发表在PLOS Pathogens上。

关键词： 急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒感染   分子流行病学   血清学检测   酶联免疫吸附法  

摘要： 研究表明，75％的新发病毒性传染病来源于野生动物，其中蝙蝠携带的病毒种类最多，遗传多样性最广，是重要的病毒自然宿主。值得注意的是，蝙蝠也是多种人和家畜冠状病毒的自然宿主。严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus，SARS-CoV)是SARS的病原体。流行病学调查证明菊头蝠携带多种SARS相关冠状病毒（SARS-related CoV，SARSr-CoV），是SARS-CoV的源头。本实验室近期在云南的蝙蝠中发现了多种多样的SARSr-CoV，其中的一些病毒株能够直接利用SARS-CoV的同源受体(ACE2)，具有不经过中间宿主而直接感染人的能力。除SARSr-CoV外，菊头蝠还携带Rh-BatCoV HKU2。近期研究表明，HKU2相关冠状病毒可以导致仔猪严重腹泻。除上述两种病毒外，2012年以来在中东地区爆发的中东急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus，MERS-CoV)因其与蝙蝠中的多种MERS相关冠状病毒(MERS-related Coronavirus，MERSr-CoV)亲缘关系较近而被认为来源于蝙蝠。其中从灰伏翼属蝙蝠中检测到的MERSr-CoV能够利用MERS-CoV受体DPP4入侵细胞。因此，对蝙蝠及其携带的冠状病毒进行持续的监测，对预防新发与再发病毒性传染病具有十分重要的意义。\n 本研究对采集于2004-2016年的8831份蝙蝠样本进行了冠状病毒分子流行病学调查，从中检测到包括BatCoV HKU10，Rh-BatCoV HKU2，SARSr-CoV,Mi-BatCoV1，Mi-BatCoV HKU8，BtRf-AlphaCoV/HuB2013等相关冠状病毒，以及多种新型α冠状病毒。本研究选取了其中的BatCoV HKU10，以及两种新型α冠状病毒展开进一步的研究。这两种新型α冠状病毒分别发现于菊头蝠和灰伏翼中，并被命名为BtCoV/Rh/YN2012和BtCoV/Hyp/GD2013。本研究分析了来自中华菊头蝠和中菊头蝠的4株新型α冠状病毒BtCoV/Rh/YN2012的基因组序列，发现该病毒基因组结构独特、基因遗传多样。根据宿主的不同，病毒在进化树中分成两个独立的分支，显示病毒存在一定的宿主特异性。四株病毒的ORF9与SARSr-CoV ORF7a基因的氨基酸同源性约为30％，并且具有相似的诱导细胞凋亡的能力。而不同病毒株的ORF4a能够将细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期。另外，本研究扩增得到5条BtCoV/Hyp/GD2013病毒的全基因组序列。其序列全长约27.8kb，与其它α冠状病毒基因组结构基本一致，但基因组序列相似度很低（小于63.5％）。\n 有报道称BatCoV HKU10曾在近期发生过跨种传播事件，其传播方向为棕果（Rousettus leschenaultia）到果树蹄蝠（Hipposideros pomona）。为进一步探究BatCoV HKU10的遗传多样性和跨种传播机制，本研究从地理分布范围、病毒进化、宿主类型等方面对BatCoV HKU10进行了更深入的调查。该调查选取了于2006-2016年间采集自中国的25个省份和老挝琅南塔省的8043份蝙蝠样品。其中来自中国云南、广东、广西、海南和老挝琅南塔省的27份蝙蝠样品被检出HKU10相关冠状病毒(HKU10-related CoV,HKU10r-CoV)。选取其中的17份阳性样本，扩增得到HKU10r-CoV的全基因组。将这些基因组与已知的HKU10-CoV基因组进行比较，可知各基因组之间的序列相似度均大于70％，复制酶七个保守结构域氨基酸序列相似度均大于90％，提示这些病毒均属于BatCoV HKU10，且在中国南方以及东南亚广泛分布。病毒的RdRp基因在进化上体现出较强的地理相关性，而S基因则体现出较强的宿主特异性。上述病毒中，来自云南的果树蹄蝠的毒株较其它地区和其他宿主来源的毒株具有更为显著的多样性，提示云南是HKU10冠状病毒的基因库。同时，也在这些来自云南的果树蹄蝠HKU10冠状病毒中发现了重组的证据。Ka/Ks和分子钟的分析结果提示果树蹄蝠携带的BatCoV HKU10所受到的选择压力较小，其出现时间较早。以上证据表明，果树蹄蝠而非棕果蝠是BatCoV HKU10的自然宿主。\n 为了探究菊头蝠携带的SARSr-CoV是否感染人，本研究建立了针对SARSr-CoV核衣壳蛋白(Nucleocapsid protein，NP)抗体的酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)。利用该方法，本研究检测了采集自云南SARSr-CoV阳性蝙蝠洞周边的218份当地居民的血清样

关键词： Arbovirus   bat   biosurveillance   reservoir   Rift Valley fever virus   serosurvey  

摘要： Introduction: A number of arboviruses have previously been isolated from naturally-infected East African bats, however the role of bats in arbovirus maintenance is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the exposure history of Ugandan bats to a panel of arboviruses. Materials and methods: Insectivorous and fruit bats were captured from multiple locations throughout Uganda during 2009 and 2011–2013. All serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue 2 virus (DENV-2), Zika virus (ZIKV), Babanki virus (BBKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Sera from up to 626 bats were screened for antibodies against each virus. Results and Discussion: Key findings include the presence of neutralizing antibodies against RVFV in 5/52 (9.6%) of little epauletted fruit bats (Epomophorus labiatus) captured from Kawuku and 3/54 (5.6%) Egyptian rousette bats from Kasokero cave. Antibodies reactive to flaviviruses were widespread across bat taxa and sampling locations. Conclusion: The data presented demonstrate the widespread exposure of bats in Uganda to arboviruses, and highlight particular virus-bat associations that warrant further investigation. © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： 蝙蝠病毒   基因组鉴定   生态分布   遗传多样性  

摘要： 动物源新发与再发传染病对人类健康构成严重威胁，长期以来都是全球公共卫生领域关注的一项重要议题。蝙蝠是多种病毒的自然宿主，这些病毒分布于多个病毒科，其中包括了一些可引起严重致死性疾病的烈性病毒。蝙蝠能飞行、寿命长、具有冬眠、群居、不同种群杂居等生活习性，并具备特殊的抗病毒免疫机制，这些特点使得蝙蝠成为重要的病毒宿主。多种人类新发传染病被认为与蝙蝠病毒的溢出有关，包括埃博拉病毒病、马尔堡病毒病、严重急性呼吸系统综合症(SARS)、亨德拉和尼帕病毒病、狂犬病毒相关脑炎，以及最近发生的蝙蝠相关正呼肠孤病毒感染等。对蝙蝠携带的病毒进行监测、开展蝙蝠病毒的检测、鉴定与跨种感染风险评估研究，是预防蝙蝠源新发传染病的重要途径。\n 本研究于2012-2016年期间对肯尼亚26个郡的蝙蝠种群进行了大范围的病毒监测。通过病毒核酸检测，在肯尼亚蝙蝠中发现了遗传多样的腺病毒、星状病毒、杯状病毒、冠状病毒、黄病毒、副粘病毒、多瘤病毒和呼肠孤病毒，其中包括了一些首次在非洲蝙蝠中发现的新型病毒。进一步挑选了冠状病毒、呼肠孤病毒等与人类病毒或人类疾病相关的蝙蝠病毒进行了深入研究。\n 与最近非洲的研究结果类似，本研究对蝙蝠中发现的229E相关和NL63相关冠状病毒进行了基因组鉴定，为人229E冠状病毒和NL63冠状病毒起源于蝙蝠这一推论提供了进一步的证据。此外，本研究发现的新型蝙蝠A型轮状病毒(Rotavirus A，RVA)揭示了流行于肯尼亚的轮状病毒在不同宿主间的跨种传播和重配。此外，还首次从肯尼亚的蝙蝠中成功分离到了与其他哺乳动物携带的毒株完全不同的新型哺乳动物正呼肠孤病毒。本研究丰富了关于蝙蝠病毒种类、生态分布和遗传多样性的新知识，为了解冠状病毒229E、NL63、A型轮状病毒等人类病毒的进化提供了新的认识、为肯尼亚蝙蝠源传染病的预防提供了参考依据。

关键词： Chiroptera   ecosystem services   public health   virology   virus  

摘要： The recent upsurge in bat-borne virus research has attracted substantial news coverage worldwide. A systematic review of virological literature revealed that bats were described as a major concern for public health in half of all studies (51%), and that their key role in delivering ecosystem services was disregarded in almost all studies (96%). Although research on zoonoses is of the utmost importance, biased framings of bats can undermine decades of conservation efforts. We urge researchers and science communicators to consider the conservation impacts of how research findings are presented to the public carefully, and, whenever possible, to highlight the ecological significance of bats, their dire conservation situation and their importance for human well-being.

关键词： VIRUS phylogeny   METAGENOMICS   PAPILLOMAVIRUSES   ROTAVIRUSES   BAT diseases   EPIDEMIOLOGY  

摘要： Accumulating studies have shown that bats could harbor various important pathogenic viruses that could be transmitted to humans and other animals. Extensive metagenomic studies of different organs/tissues from bats have revealed a large number of novel or divergent viruses. To elucidate viral diversity and epidemiological and phylogenetic characteristics, six pooled fecal samples from bats were generated (based on bat species and geographic regions characteristic for virome analysis). These contained 500 fecal samples from six bat species, collected in four geographic regions. Metagenomic analysis revealed a plethora of divergent viruses originally found in bats. Multiple contigs from influenza A virus and coronaviruses in bats shared high identity with those from humans, suggesting possible cross-species transmission, whereas a number of contigs, whose sequences were taxonomically classifiable within Alphapapillomavirus, Betaretrovirus, Alpharetrovirus, Varicellovirus, Cyprinivirus, Chlorovirus and Cucumovirus had low identity to viruses in existing databases, which indicated possible evolution of novel viral species. None of the established caliciviruses and picornaviruses were found in the 500 fecal specimens. Papillomaviruses with high amino acid identity were found in Scotophilus kuhlii and Rhinolophus blythi, challenging the hypotheses regarding the strict host specificity and co-evolution of papillomaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that four bat rotavirus A strains might be tentative G3 strains, according to the Rotavirus Classification Working Group classification.

关键词： 仔猪   蝙蝠   毒源   《自然》杂志   急性腹泻   中国学者   大量死亡   致死性  

摘要： 日前,由中国学者领衔的一个国际团队在英国《自然》杂志发表报告说,他们发现一种导致猪出现致死性腹泻的新型冠状病毒源自蝙蝠,相关研究对防控新发传染病具有重要意义。2016年底,广东多个养猪场的仔猪出现严重急性腹泻并大量死亡。中国科学院武汉病毒研究所领衔的国际研究团队发现,仔猪死亡的罪魁祸首是一种冠状病毒,并将

摘要： Order Chiroptera is oft incriminated for their capacity to serve as reservoirs for many high profile human pathogens, including Ebola virus, Marburg virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus. Additionally, bats are postulated to be the original hosts for such virus families and subfamilies as Paramyxoviridae and Coronavirinae. Given the perceived risk bats may impart upon public health, numerous explorations have been done to delineate if in fact bats do host more viruses than other animal species, such as rodents, and to ascertain what is unique about bats to allow them to maintain commensal relationships with zoonotic pathogens and allow for spillover. Of particular interest is data that demonstrate type I interferons (IFN), a first line defense to invading viruses, may be constitutively expressed in bats. The constant expression of type I IFNs would hamper viral infection as soon as viral invasion occurred, thereby limiting viral spread and disease. Another immunophysiological trait that may facilitate the ability to harbor viruses is a lack of somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation, which would decrease antibody affinity and neutralizing antibody titers, possibly facilitating viral persistence. In 2009 and 2010 two novel influenza A viruses (IAV) were discovered via qRT-PCR using pan-influenza primers in New World bat species. Given the unique hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins compared to those already recognized, the two viruses were classified as H17N10 and H18N11. H17N10 IAV genome was discovered in rectal swabs collected from little yellow-shouldered bats in Guatemala, and H18N11 IAV genome was discovered in a rectal swab and gastrointestinal tract of a flat-faced fruit bat from Peru. The entire sequences for both viruses were identified using next generation and Sanger sequencing, but the virus was never isolated from wild bat populations. Both viruses differ from canonical IAVs in that t