关键词： allogrooming   disease transmission   lipopolysaccharide   sickness behaviour   social network   sociality  

摘要： Social interactions affect the transmission of many pathogens, but infections often induce sickness behaviours that alter those interactions. Vampire bats are highly mobile and social, engaging in frequent allogrooming, which is likely to facilitate pathogen spread. Sickness behaviour is known to reduce social associations, but the effect on physical interactions between associated individuals, such as grooming, is less understood. Here, we tested the effects of induced sickness behaviour on allogrooming in vampire bats, while holding association between individuals in groups constant. To experimentally induce sickness behaviour, we used injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and saline controls in 13 female common vampire bats, Desmodus rotundus, housed in stable groups of two to four adult bats. LPS injection induced an immune response that mimicked illness. Circulating leukocytes and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios increased, while body mass and activity decreased. While LPS-injected bats did not receive less grooming from their group mates, they dramatically reduced the amount that they groomed their partners. This reduction in social interactions illustrates that sickness behaviour can potentially change transmission rates by altering directed behaviours, even under conditions of constant close proximity. The ability to manipulate social behaviours under controlled conditions should also prove useful for experiments attempting to test mechanisms underlying cooperation. (C) 2018 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 仔猪死亡   中国科学院武汉病毒研究所   蝙蝠   毒源   急性腹泻   冠状病毒   腹泻综合征   《自然》  

摘要： 中国学者领衔的一个国际团队4日在英国《自然》杂志发表报告说,他们发现,一种导致猪出现致死性腹泻的新型冠状病毒源自蝙蝠。相关研究对防控新发传染病具有重要意义。2016年底,广东多个养猪场的仔猪出现严重急性腹泻并大量死亡。中国科学院武汉病毒研究所领衔的国际研究团队发现,仔猪死亡的罪魁祸首是一种冠状病毒,并将其命名为猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒,简称SADS冠状病毒。

关键词： 蝙蝠   狂犬病病毒   登革热病毒   寨卡病毒  

摘要： 目的了解广东地区蝙蝠携带狂犬病病毒、寨卡病毒以及登革热病毒情况。方法 2014-2016年分别在广州市和湛江市部分地区采集蝙蝠,取其血清和脑组织标本,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)、巢式聚合酶链反应(nested polymerase chain reaction,Nested PCR),酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)和细胞培养分离检测所采标本中的狂犬病病毒、登革热病毒和寨卡病毒的感染情况。结果采集蝙蝠共174只,分属2科3个种:果蝠科的犬蝠属(Cynopterus sphinx)33只、蝙蝠科的普通伏翼属(Pipistrellusabramus)9只及高头蝠属(Scotophiluskuhlii)132只。分别取得血清、脑组织各174份。在犬蝠脑标本中检出登革热病毒阳性1份,阳性率0.06%(1/174),寨卡病毒、狂犬病病毒均未检出。结论广东两个地区的3种蝙蝠作为寨卡病毒、登革热病毒和狂犬病病毒宿主的可能性较小。

关键词： Influenza   Bats   Epithelial cells   Host resistance   Innate immunity   Inflammation  

摘要： Background: With the recent discovery of novel H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viral RNA in bats and report on high frequency of avian H9 seroconversion in a species of free ranging bats, an important issue to address is the extent bats are susceptible to conventional avian and human influenza A viruses. Method: To this end, three bat species (Eidolon helvum, Carollia perspicillata and Tadarida brasiliensis) of lung epithelial cells were separately infected with two avian and two human influenza viruses to determine their relative host innate immune resistance to infection. Results: All three species of bat cells were more resistant than positive control Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to all four influenza viruses. TB1-Lu cells lacked sialic acid alpha 2,6-Gal receptors and were most resistant among the three bat species. Interestingly, avian viruses were relatively more replication permissive in all three bat species of cells than with the use of human viruses which suggest that bats could potentially play a role in the ecology of avian influenza viruses. Chemical inhibition of the JAK-STAT pathway in bat cells had no effect on virus production suggesting that type I interferon signalling is not a major factor in resisting influenza virus infection. Conclusion: Although all three species of bat cells are relatively more resistant to influenza virus infection than control MDCK cells, they are more permissive to avian than human viruses which suggest that bats could have a contributory role in the ecology of avian influenza viruses.

关键词： SARS冠状病毒   蝙蝠   埃博拉病毒   抗病毒免疫  

摘要： 蝙蝠可以携带埃博拉病毒和SARS冠状病毒等多种病毒，但它们并不会因此而生病，这是为什么呢？蝙蝠自身不会生病的原因是蝙蝠体内一个抗病毒免疫通道受到抑制。

关键词： 冠状病毒   猪病毒   蝙蝠   中国科学院武汉病毒研究所   起源   流行性腹泻   病毒性感染   科研团队  

摘要： 4月5日电,中国科学院武汉病毒研究所牵头的科研团队近日确定,一年多前曾在广东导致大量猪死亡的流行性腹泻,“罪魁祸首”是一种源自蝙蝠的新型冠状病毒.该研究表明,人类需要积极监控蝙蝠及其他野生动物中的病毒性感染.相关成果于北京时间4月5日在线发表于国际权威学术期刊《自然》.

关键词： 蝙蝠   汉坦病毒   进化分析  

摘要： 目的探索云南地区蝙蝠携带的新型汉坦病毒。方法本研究于2016年7～8月在云南普洱地区采集到84只蝙蝠，利用病毒宏基因组学分析蝙蝠携带病毒种类，采用巢式或半巢式PCR鉴定汉坦病毒。采用MegAlign进行同源性分析，使用MEGA6.0进行序列比对及系统进化分析。结果本研究在小蹄蝠体内发现了1株汉坦病毒，命名为DodeHV，阳性标本均为小蹄蝠，通过PCR筛查发现在小蹄蝠中阳性率为5.97%（4/67）。本实验获得了DodeHV S节段完整编码区序列和L节段的全部序列，以及M节段的部分序列。序列分析发现DodeHV与2013年在越南富寿省发现的XSV-VN1982B4毒株同源性最高，S、M、L节段的核苷酸序列相似度分别为79.0%、79.2%和79.9%，对应的氨基酸序列相似度分别为93.4%、94.8%和96.6%。系统进化分析也显示它们的进化关系最近。结论本研究在云南小蹄蝠体内发现了1株新的汉坦病毒DodeHV，进一步丰富了我国的蝙蝠病毒库，同时也提示我国边境地区蝙蝠携带该病毒传播的风险，具有一定的公共卫生学意义。

关键词： influenza viruses   NS1 protein   bat   interferons  

摘要： Recently, two new influenza A-like viruses have been discovered in bats, A/little yellow-shouldered bat/Guatemala/060/2010 (HL17NL10) and A/flat-faced bat/Peru/033/2010 (HL18NL11). The hemagglutinin (HA)-like (HL) and neuraminidase (NA)-like (NL) proteins of these viruses lack hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities, despite their sequence and structural homologies with the HA and NA proteins of conventional influenza A viruses. We have now investigated whether the NS1 proteins of the HL17NL10 and HL18NL11 viruses can functionally replace the NS1 protein of a conventional influenza A virus. For this purpose, we generated recombinant influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) H1N1 viruses containing the NS1 protein of the PR8 wild-type, HL17NL10, and HL18NL11 viruses. These viruses (r/NS1PR8, r/NS1HL17, and r/NS1HL18, respectively) were tested for replication in bat and nonbat mammalian cells and in mice. Our results demonstrate that the r/NS1HL17 and r/NS1HL18 viruses are attenuated in vitro and in vivo. However, the bat NS1 recombinant viruses showed a phenotype similar to that of the r/NS1PR8 virus in STAT1(-/-) human A549 cells and mice, both in vitro and in vivo systems being unable to respond to interferon (IFN). Interestingly, multiple mouse passages of the r/NS1HL17 and r/NS1HL18 viruses resulted in selection of mutant viruses containing single amino acid mutations in the viral PB2 protein. In contrast to the parental viruses, virulence and IFN antagonism were restored in the selected PB2 mutants. Our results indicate that the NS1 protein of bat influenza A-like viruses is less efficient than the NS1 protein of its conventional influenza A virus NS1 counterpart in antagonizing the IFN response and that this deficiency can be overcome by the influenza virus PB2 protein. IMPORTANCE Significant gaps in our understanding of the basic features of the recently discovered bat influenza A-like viruses HL17NL10 and HL18NL11 remain. The basic biology of these unique vi

关键词： Adenoviruses   Amniotes   Animals   Bats   Bioinformatics   Biology and life sciences   Camels   Computer and information sciences   Coronaviruses   Data management   Database and informatics methods   DNA viruses   Eukaryota   Evolutionary biology   Evolutionary systematics   Genetics   Genomics   Herpesviruses   Mammals   Medical microbiology   Medicine and health sciences   Metagenomics   Microbial pathogens   Microbiology   Organisms   Pathogens   Pathology and laboratory medicine   Phylogenetic analysis   Phylogenetics   Research and analysis methods   Research Article   RNA viruses   Sequence analysis   Taxonomy   Vertebrates   Viral pathogens   Viruses  

摘要： Species within the Neoromicia bat genus are abundant and widely distributed in Africa. It is common for these insectivorous bats to roost in anthropogenic structures in urban regions. Additionally, Neoromicia capensis have previously been identified as potential hosts for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-related coronaviruses. This study aimed to ascertain the gastrointestinal virome of these bats, as viruses excreted in fecal material or which may be replicating in rectal or intestinal tissues have the greatest opportunities of coming into contact with other hosts. Samples were collected in five regions of South Africa over eight years. Initial virome composition was determined by viral metagenomic sequencing by pooling samples and enriching for viral particles. Libraries were sequenced on the Illumine MiSeq and NextSeq500 platforms, producing a combined 37 million reads. Bioinformatics analysis of the high throughput sequencing data detected the full genome of a novel species of the Circoviridae family, and also identified sequence data from the Adenoviridae, Coronaviridae, Herpesviridae, Parvoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Phenuiviridae, and Picornaviridae families. Metagenomic sequencing data was insufficient to determine the viral diversity of certain families due to the fragmented coverage of genomes and lack of suitable sequencing depth, as some viruses were detected from the analysis of reads-data only. Follow up conventional PCR assays targeting conserved gene regions for the Adenoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Herpesviridae families were used to confirm metagenomic data and generate additional sequences to determine genetic diversity. The complete coding genome of a MERS-related coronavirus was recovered with additional amplicon sequencing on the MiSeq platform. The new genome shared 97.2% overall nucleotide identity to a previous Neoromicia-associated MERS-related virus, also from South Africa. Conventional PCR analysis detected diverse adenovirus and her