关键词： 蝙蝠   乙肝病毒   云南普洱   遗传多样性  

摘要： 目的研究云南省普洱市蝙蝠携带的乙肝病毒多样性及流行情况.方法在普洱市采集84只蝙蝠肝组织样本,通过高通量测序、特异性PCR方法和基因移步法对蝙蝠乙肝病毒进行检测和扩增,并进行序列分析和系统发育分析.结果3.75%(3/84)的蝙蝠携带乙肝病毒,均来自于中华菊头蝠,命名为PuEr *** BHBV的基因结构、保守功能结构域与其他乙肝病毒高度相似.序列分析显示,PuEr BHBV与河南内乡发现的NeiXiang-Rp-89的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为87.1%和90.5%.系统进化分析显示,蝙蝠乙肝病毒呈现丰富的多样性,蝙蝠乙肝病毒分为两个较远的进化分支.同时,PuEr BHBV与贵州、河南内乡蝙蝠携带乙肝病毒具有最近的亲缘关系,但与巴拿马的TBHBV处在不同的进化分支.结论PuEr BHBV是一株新的蝙蝠乙肝病毒株,病毒在不同蝠种之间的传播和地域差别可能共同促进了蝙蝠乙肝病毒的进化,本研究丰富了蝙蝠乙肝病毒的多样性.

关键词： 蝙蝠   鼠   病毒   数据库  

摘要： 野生动物源性病毒的跨种感染是引起人类新发病毒性传染病的主要原因之一,因而系统收集整理野生动物样本以及病毒病原数据,建设野生动物携带病毒病原数据库显得尤为必要。本数据库通过建立的标准元数据描述规范,收集整理加工的蝙蝠和鼠来源的动物样本和病毒数据达2万多条,数据覆盖多个国家以及中国多个省市地区,可以为从事相关野生动物病毒病原相关研究的国内外研究机构、高等学校提供服务。用户可根据自己的需求对蝙蝠和鼠的物种、样品类型、物种分布等进行检索,或对物种携带的特定病毒相关信息的检索查询。本数据库的建设将有利于深入系统研究蝙蝠和鼠等野生动物携带的病毒,评估病毒传播到家畜和人的风险,预测新发传染病热点,为疾病预防和控制提供理论基础和技术支撑。

关键词： 舟山群岛地区   蝙蝠   博卡病毒   进化分析  

摘要： 为进一步了解我国蝙蝠携带博卡病毒(Bocavirus)的分布状况和遗传多样性特征,本研究采集舟山群岛地区4种蝙蝠的肠组织样本,使用套式PCR方法进行蝙蝠博卡病毒检测,分析该地区蝙蝠携带博卡病毒的遗传多样性。结果显示,从141只蝙蝠(菲菊头蝠、马铁菊头蝠、大卫鼠耳蝠和渡濑式鼠耳蝠)体内共检测出7份博卡病毒的DNA目的条带,经测序后获得5条博卡病毒序列,系统进化分析表明蝙蝠源博卡病毒同已发现的其他博卡病毒属于不同的进化分支。序列遗传进化分析显示,5条序列的同源性介于98.9%~100%之间,与其他博卡病毒的同源性介于50.8%~77.2%之间;根据ICTV关于博卡病毒属新种的判定标准,该地区检测出蝙蝠源博卡病毒为新的博卡病毒种类。

关键词： 蝙蝠   粪便   病毒   聚合酶链式反应(PCR)   肠道病毒   轮状病毒   冠状病毒  

摘要： 主要内容:蝙蝠种类多、分布广,研究发现蝙蝠是具有“飞行能力的病毒库”,是多种人兽共患病和新发传染病的储存宿主。蝙蝠粪便污染水源、食物后会传播病原体,造成疾病流行。2010年以来国内外多个团队对蝙蝠肠道粪便标本做了宏基因组学以及PCR特异性扩增,从蝙蝠肠道中检测发现多种病毒,其中冠状病毒、肠道病毒、轮状病毒与人类疾病有密切关系,既往报道提示从蝙蝠粪便标本中分离到冠状病毒和轮状病毒,而未见肠道病毒分离的相关报道。目的:本文主要对蝙蝠肠道携带的病毒的地域分布进行描述以及整理,为今后对病毒在地域分布方面的研究提供线索。

关键词： Ebolavirus   Chiroptera   Pteropodidae   Spillover   Viral ecology   Spatio-temporal Poisson point process   Ecological niche model  

摘要： Ebola virus disease (EVD) presents a threat to public health throughout equatorial Africa. Despite numerous 'spillover' events into humans and apes, the maintenance reservoirs and mechanism of spillover are poorly understood. Evidence suggests fruit bats play a role in both instances, yet data remain sparse and bats exhibit a wide range of life history traits. Here we pool sparse data and use a mechanistic approach to examine how birthing cycles of African fruit bats, molossid bats, and non-molossid microbats inform the spatio-temporal occurrence of EVD spillover. We create ensemble niche models to predict spatio-temporally varying bat birthing and model outbreaks as spatio-temporal Poisson point processes. We predict three distinct annual birthing patterns among African bats along a latitudinal gradient. Of the EVD spillover models tested, the best by quasiAkaike information criterion (qAIC) and by out of sample prediction included significant African bat birthrelated terms. Temporal bat birthing terms fit in the best models for both human and animal outbreaks were consistent with hypothesized viral dynamics in bat populations, but purely spatial models also performed well. Our best model predicted risk of EVD spillover at locations of the two 2018 EVD outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was within the top 12-35% and 0.1% of all 25 x 25 km spatial cells analyzed in sub-Saharan Africa. Results suggest that sparse data can be leveraged to help understand complex systems.

关键词： Infection   Pathogens   Virology  

摘要： Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface glycoproteins of the bat influenza H17N10 virus neither bind to nor cleave sialic acid receptors, indicating that this virus employs cell entry mechanisms distinct from those of classical influenza A viruses. We observed that certain human haematopoietic cancer cell lines and canine MDCK II cells are susceptible to H17-pseudotyped viruses. We identified the human HLA-DR receptor as an entry mediator for H17 pseudotypes, suggesting that H17N10 possesses zoonotic potential.

关键词： Bat   Hepadnaviridae   Hepatitis B virus  

摘要： Bats have been identified as the hosts of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in recent years and bats HBV can infect human hepatocyte. We investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of HBV in bats in China. In this study, a total of 197 insectivorous bats belonging to 10 bat species were captured from karst caves in Mengyin County, Shandong Province and Xianning City, Hubei Province, China. PCR amplification indicated that in total 6.6% (13/197) bats were positive to HBVs. The HBV positive rate in bats was 7.1% (9/127) and 5.7% (4/70) in Shandong Province and Hubei Province, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HBV from the two places were in the same cluster with 90.5%-99.5% homology, but distinct from bat HBVs from other places in China and other countries. We concluded that HBV was prevalent and genetic diversified in bats, supporting the hypothesis that bats may be the origin of primate hepadnaviruses.

关键词： 蝙蝠,重症急性呼吸综合征样冠状病毒   WIV1   浣熊狗   人类血管紧张素转换酶Ⅱ   跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2  

摘要： 目的研究蝙蝠来源的重症急性呼吸综合征(SARS)样冠状病毒WIV1刺突蛋白利用浣熊狗血管紧张素转换酶Ⅱ(ACE2)受体侵入细胞的能力,并探究SARS样冠状病毒WIV1潜在的跨宿主传播风险。方法构建来自浣熊狗、果子狸、中华菊头蝠和人等不同动物来源的ACE2表达质粒,转染至293T细胞并利用免疫印迹方法检测其在293T细胞中的表达水平;建立SARS冠状病毒(Tor2株系)及蝙蝠SARS样冠状病毒(WIV1株系)假病毒感染系统,并进行假病毒感染实验;利用假病毒感染系统及荧光素酶报告基因检测WIV1刺突蛋白对浣熊狗等不同动物来源ACE2受体利用能力;构建跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2(TMPRSS2)质粒,并转染至T Rex 293细胞,借助假病毒感染系统检测TMPRSS2对WIV1侵入能力的影响。结果本研究所获赠及构建的不同动物来源的ACE2质粒可经瞬时转染至细胞进行表达;与pc DNA3.1载体相比,浣熊狗、中华菊头蝠、果子狸和人的ACE2均可使蝙蝠SARS样冠状病毒WIV1侵入细胞的能力增加上万倍,上述ACE2组与载体组的荧光素酶活性差异均具有统计学意义(t=27.744、P<0.001,t=18.740、P<0.001,t=32.297、P<0.001,t=15.902、P<0.001);与TMPRSS2阴性组相比,TMPRSS2在靶细胞的表达可使WIV1假病毒的感染能力增加10倍以上,两组荧光素酶活性差异具有统计学意义(t=29.460、P<0.001)。结论蝙蝠SARS样冠状病毒WIV1的刺突蛋白除了利用人类、果子狸及中华菊头蝠的ACE2受体感染细胞,还可利用浣熊狗的ACE2受体侵入细胞,且TMPRSS2可显著促进其侵入能力,提示WIV1可能存在多种跨宿主传播的风险。

关键词： disease ecology   host-parasite network   viral diversity   zoonoses  

摘要： Bats and rodents are recognized to host a great diversity of viruses and several important viral zoonoses, but how this viral diversity is structured and how viruses are connected, shared and distributed among host networks is not well understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we compared the associative capacity of the host-virus networks in rodents and bats with the identification of those viruses with zoonotic potential. A virus database, detected by molecular methods, was constructed in the two taxonomic groups. We compiled 5,484 records: 825 in rodents and 4,659 in bats. We identified a total of 173 and 166 viruses, of which 53 and 40 are zoonotic viruses, in rodents and bats, respectively. Based on a network theory, a non-directed bipartite host-virus network was built for each group. Subsequently, the networks were collapsed to represent the connections among hosts and viruses. We identified both discrete and connected communities. We observed a greater degree of connectivity in bat viruses and more discrete communities in rodents. The Coronaviridae recorded in bats have the highest values of degree, betweenness and closeness centralities. In rodents, higher degree positions were distributed homogeneously between viruses and hosts. At least in our database, a higher proportion of rodent viruses were zoonotic. Rodents should thus not be underestimated as important reservoirs of zoonotic disease. We found that viruses were more frequently shared among bats than in rodents. Network theory can reveal some macroecological patterns and identify risks that were previously unrecognized. For example, we found that parvovirus in megabats and Gbagroube virus in rodents may represent a zoonotic risk due to the proximity to humans and other zoonotic viruses. We propose that epidemiological surveillance programmes should consider the connectivity of network actors as a measure of the risks of dispersion and transmission.

关键词： Rabies   Therapy   Combination treatment   Blood-brain barrier  

摘要： Rabies is a lethal disease in humans and animals, killing approximately 60,000 people every year. Currently, there is no treatment available, except post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) that can be administered whenever exposure to a rabid animal took place. Here we describe the beneficial effects of a combination treatment initiated at day 4 post infection, containing anti-viral drugs and immune modulators in infected mice. Combination therapy resulted in significant increase in survival time (P < 0.05) and significantly lowers viral RNA in the brain and spinal cord (P < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment influenced markers of pyroptosis and apoptosis and early inflammatory response as measured by the levels of TNF-alpha. Morphological lesions were absent in rabies virus infected mice with few signs of inflammation. However, these were not significant between the different groups. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.