关键词： environmental cues   protective action decision-making   risk perception  

摘要： The Protective Action Decision Model has emerged within the literature as a theoretical model with promising predictive ability, particularly in the context of short-term behavioral response and longer-term hazard adjustments. However, the applicability of the model in the context of public health hazards is less certain. Accordingly, this research utilizes an online questionnaire instrument disseminated via Qualtrics to residents of New York State at three points in the COVID-19 pandemic (October 2020, January 2021, and May-June 2021) to examine whether changes to the built environment (i.e., signs requiring masking, signs requiring social distancing, and presence of hand sanitizing stations) influenced threat perceptions (i.e., perception of severity and likelihood of infection), and in turn, behavioral responses (i.e., masking, social distancing, and hand sanitizing) at different points in time. The results demonstrate that changes in the built environment were positively associated with behavioral responses at different points in the pandemic, rather than being mediated through threat perception, as predicted by the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM). The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how these findings may guide future research on environmental cues, threat perceptions, and behavioral response to better understand protective action decision-making in the context of an ongoing public health hazard.

关键词： coalitions   COVID-19   institutional knowledge   pandemic   policy learning  

摘要： As the COVID-19 pandemic began to unfold in the late winter and early spring of 2020, US states began to work collaboratively in regional coalitions to manage a rapidly developing public health crisis. These coalitions were made up of states that were geographically contiguous and, more importantly, built upon previous working relationships. We explore two regional coalitions-the Multistate Council and the Western States Pact in the northeast and western United States, respectively. We find that these regional coalitions each drew from institutional memory-previous collaborative policies-to craft their collective COVID-19 responses and that this approach produced two different outcomes. While these regional coalitions urgently provided critical resources (including institutional knowledge) to respond to the spreading pandemic, it may have also reflected a limit of institutional memory-path dependency which limited the regional coalitions' abilities to learn from each other and experience the benefits of other coalition approaches.

关键词： All Hazards Approach   COVID-19   crisis management   disaster management   Israel   local governance   local government  

摘要： Local governments were instrumental in managing the COVID-19 crisis in countries worldwide. This study examines the methods that local governments in Israel used to successfully manage the COVID-19 crisis. We explored the structural characteristics of the localities that excelled at managing the pandemic. Furthermore, we used measures of the spread of the virus and vaccination rates to identify a group of localities that managed the crisis with relative success. We conducted interviews with officials from these localities to determine the methods, policies, and conditions that led to success. We found that ethnicity, distance from urban centers, and socioeconomic status were associated with effective COVID-19 management. We also identified several intraorganizational and interorganizational policies and practices that were successful: crisis-adjusted management, a unified organizational atmosphere, digitalization, information management, autonomous decision making, and the fostering of collaborative relationships. Implications of the findings for the All Hazards Approach to disaster management are discussed.

关键词： COVID-19   代谢组学   细胞因子   犬尿氨酸  

摘要： 目的 分析新型冠状病毒感染（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）患者多种生物标本代谢水平的变化，挖掘COVID-19疾病进展的生物标志物，为构建预测模型和发现潜在治疗靶点提供理论依据。方法 采集2022年12月—2023年1月于北京大学第三医院呼吸与危重症医学科、普外科和重症监护病房住院的45例COVID-19患者的血清、尿液和粪便样本，使用液相色谱质谱联用方法检测标本的代谢物水平。采用差异倍数（fold change,FC）、t检验和Wilcoxon秩和检验筛选差异代谢物。对代谢物与血清细胞因子水平进行相关性分析并计算斯皮尔曼等级相关系数。结果 色氨酸代谢通路的犬尿喹啉酸在重症患者血清中水平上调（FC=2.47,P=0.035），喹啉酸在死亡结局患者血清中水平上调（FC=2.99,P=0.010）。血清犬尿喹啉酸在出现多脏器衰竭（FC=4.74,P=0.013）的患者中代谢水平上调，尿液黄尿酸在出现肾衰竭的患者中代谢水平上调（FC=4.40,P=0.019）。相关性分析结果显示，重症患者血清犬尿喹啉酸与辅助性T细胞（r=-0.75,P<0.001）有较强负相关，死亡结局患者血清喹啉酸和总补体（r=-0.88,P=0.007）有较强负相关。COVID-19患者在血清、尿液和粪便中均表现出犬尿氨酸代谢途径上调的趋势。结论 犬尿氨酸代谢通路在COVID-19疾病进展和免疫调控中具有重要作用，犬尿喹啉酸、喹啉酸等代谢物的水平失调可能与免疫系统激活和不良预后有关。

关键词： Vaccine   Vaccine development   COVID-19   Rapid development   Platform technology   ChAdOx1   Vector vaccine   mRNA   Process development map  

摘要： In 2015 the UK Vaccine Network through its Working Group 3 began the creation of a website describing the conventional development of human and veterinary vaccines, which routinely takes several years to complete from concept through to licensure, in the form of process development maps. This website has proved to be a valuable resource for those involved in commercial vaccine development and it has also highlighted the potential bottlenecks within the processes. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were created, licenced and administered within 1 year of the SARS-CoV-2 virus sequence being made available to researchers globally, through the use of novel platform technologies, such as viral vectors and mRNA. The paper describes the updating of this vaccine process development website and the inclusion of a rapid development map with 14 Stages based knowledge gained during the development of the University of Oxford/Astra Zeneca ChAdOx-1 vectored COVID-19 vaccine. The map captures the key steps required to expedite human vaccine development in the face of a pandemic threat from pre-clinical discovery, vaccine platform development, regulatory review and approval through to the administration of the first dose in humans.

关键词： 纳米铂金颗粒   磁微粒   新型冠状病毒   免疫检测  

摘要： 目的 建立一种基于磁珠（MBs）富集和铂金纳米颗粒（Au@PtNPs）酶催化的新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）可视化检测方法。方法根据双抗体夹心法原理，MBs抗体偶联物与SARS-CoV-2抗原和Au@PtNPs抗体标记物形成免疫复合物，最后利用Au@PtNPs催化显色液变色的原理，通过比较颜色变化判定结果，蓝色变化表示阳性结果，无明显颜色变化表示阴性结果，并对该方法的灵敏度、特异性进行评价。结果 成功建立了基于MBs富集和Au@PtNPs酶催化的以SARS-CoV-2抗原为靶向分子的可视化检测方法。该方法能在30min内完成对SARS-CoV-2抗原的检测，可检测病毒抗原浓度3.125ng/mL以上的SARS-CoV-2核衣壳蛋白样本；与季节性流感（H1N1）核蛋白、乙型流感病毒核蛋白无交叉反应。结论 基于Au@PtNPs酶催化和MBs富集的可视化检测方法在SARS-CoV-2检测中具有较高的特异性和灵敏度、操作简单快捷，为病毒快速检测提供一种新思路。

关键词： 新冠肺炎   肺损伤   长期随访  

摘要： 目的目的探讨新冠肺炎(COVID-19)患者康复出院后6个月、12个月的肺功能、6分钟步行试验、CT肺损伤评估结果分析。方法方法将2022年12月~2023年6月在我院经治疗出院后的40例COVID-19患者作为研究对象,其中,中型23例、重型13例、危重型4例,均行6个月及12个月的肺功能测定、6分钟步行试验(6MWT)、胸部CT肺扫描。结果结果三组出院后6个月、12个月的FEV1/FVC相当(P>0.05),危重型组、重型组在6个月时其他肺功能指标均显著低于中型组,12个月时仍有明显差距(P<0.05);重型组、危重型组12个月步行距离仍显著低于中型组6个月水平,重型组、危重型组6个月的CT-磨玻璃影比例高于中型组,6个月、12个月的CT-纤维化评分高于中型组(P<0.05),三组12个月的CT-磨玻璃影比例相当(P>0.05)。结论结论COVID-19后肺损伤与初始病情严重程度相关,危重型患者需长期随访干预。

关键词： 新型冠状病毒感染后遗症   心悸   气阴两虚   益气养阴  

摘要： 目的观察运用益气养阴法治疗新型冠状病毒感染后心悸气阴两虚证的临床疗效。方法将90例新型冠状病毒感染后符合气阴两虚证型的心悸患者随机分为对照组45例,观察组45例;对照组给予西医常规治疗;观察组在对照组的基础上加用益气养阴自拟方治疗,共治疗2周。比较2组的治疗效果,中医证候积分及治疗安全性。结果观察组总有效率为86.67%,对照组总有效率为75.56%,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);对比2组证候积分,治疗后观察组中医证候改善更为显著、疗效指数更高(P<0.05);治疗后观察组心律失常患者少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论益气养阴法治疗新型冠状病毒感染后心悸气阴两虚证型取得显著疗效,可显著改善患者临床症状。

关键词： 新型冠状病毒   主蛋白酶   靶向蛋白降解嵌合体   蛋白降解活性   抗病毒药物  

摘要： 目的基于蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(PROTAC)技术设计合成靶向SARS-CoV-2主蛋白酶(M^(pro))的PROTAC降解剂。方法以化合物3w为M^(pro)靶向配体,选择其溶剂暴露区吲哚N原子作为连接位点,通过不同长度连接子与CRBN(cereblon)的配体泊马度胺偶联,设计并合成一系列靶向M^(pro)的PROTAC分子,采用蛋白免疫印迹(Western Blot)技术评估其在稳定表达M^(pro)的HEK-293T细胞中的降解活性,并探索其作用机制。结果成功合成了4个新型M^(pro)PROTAC目标分子(A1至A4),其结构经1H NMR、^(13)C NMR与HRMS确证。其中,最优化合物A4对M^(pro)的降解活性DC_(50)值达5.2μmol/L,其可同时结合靶蛋白M^(pro)和E3连接酶CRBN,触发泛素-蛋白酶体途径,诱导M^(pro)蛋白特异性降解。结论成功设计合成了一类新型M^(pro)PROTAC降解剂,验证了其蛋白降解能力,并阐明了作用机制,为抗新冠病毒药物研发提供了先导化合物。

关键词： 新冠肺炎疫情冲击   旅游业   降低杠杆   抵御风险  

摘要： 2019年年末暴发的新冠肺炎疫情席卷全球,曾对全球以及我国经济社会造成较大冲击。探索旅游业走出困境的方法,遇到类似的情况可以举一反三。从新冠肺炎疫情冲击影响中获得启示,增强旅游业抵御风险的能力,防患于未然。文章回顾了新冠肺炎疫情对旅游业冲击的状况,用经济学理论研究了新冠肺炎疫情对旅游业的冲击影响,探索了旅游业走出困境的方法。旅游企业要增强抵御风险的意识,降低杠杆,减少债务,开拓抵御风险的思路。