关键词： 新型冠状病毒   病毒病   防治   手册  

ISBN: (纸本)9787517139409

摘要： 为指导人们有效应对新冠疫情的新变化、新冲击，北京大学第三医院组织呼吸内科、感染疾病科等诸多科室权威专家整理撰写了《新冠病毒感染者自我照护手册》一书。本书内容涵盖了新冠感染后的临床表现、诊断、治疗、康复及就医注意事项等，以期对新冠感染者尤其是孕产妇、婴幼儿等特殊人群和患有肿瘤以及基础疾病患者的自我照护、居家康复进行指导，并有所帮助。

关键词： SARS-CoV-2   2019-nCoV   rapid test   diagnostic accuracy   meta-analysis   metasynthesis   COVID-19   low-and middle-income countries  

摘要： Background: Amid all public health measures to contain COVID-19, the most challenging has been how to break the transmission chain. This has been even more challenging in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). A public health emergency warrants a public health perspective, which comes down to prevention. Rapid mass testing has been advocated throughout the pandemic as a way to promptly deal with asymptomatic infections, but its usefulness in LMICs is yet to be fully ***: The study objectives of this paper are to (1) investigate the impact of the different rapid mass testing options for SARS-CoV-2 that have been delivered at point of care in LMICs and (2) evaluate the diagnostic safety (accuracy) of rapid mass testing for SARS-CoV-2 in LMICs. Methods: This review will systematically search records in PubMed, EBSCOhost, Cochrane library, Global Index Medicus COVID-19 Register, and Scopus. Records will be managed using Mendeley reference manager and SWIFT-Review. Risk of bias for randomized controlled trials will be assessed using the RoB 2 assessment tool, while nonrandomized interventions will be assessed using the tool developed by the Evidence Project. A narrative approach will be used to synthesize data under the first objective, and either a meta-analysis or synthesis without meta-analysis for the second objective. Tables, figures, and textual descriptions will be used to present findings. The overall body of evidence for the first objective will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual) approach, and for the second objective using ***: The screening of records has been finalized. We hope to finalize the synthesis by the end of February 2023 and to prepare the manuscript for publication by April 2023. The study will be reported in accordance with standard guidelines for the reporting of systematic reviews. Rev

关键词： COVID-19   Pandemic   Immune system   WHO   SARS  

摘要： Aim COVID-19 has led to a global crisis not only in the health sector but also in the economic, social and education sectors, as well as the lives of common man. This paper reviews the origin, characteristics and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus and the preventive measures adopted by the world's nations to curb the effects of the pandemic. Subjects and methods The temporal and spatial profile of the COVID-19 spread is highly dynamic and is progressively changing at a rapid pace. This article is an attempt to mitigate the pandemic threat by sharing the review outcome from an extensive literature survey on recent articles on COVID-19 and its impact. Results Statistical analysis presented by the World Health Organization and other health organizations explicitly indicates that optimized support and care extended to infected persons is the key to therapy, and the clinical effectiveness of alternative techniques is still under study. Though there have been announcements on the discovery of drugs for the virus, the authenticity of these reports are yet to be verified. Conclusion Based on the review, it can be inferred that it is important to boost one's immune system and to stay healthy by developing healthy habits of food intake, sleep, exercise, personal hygiene and so on. Practicing social distancing with a self-motivated attitude will help to control the virus to a large extent. The current situation also demands a great sense of responsibility of people towards society by protecting oneself from the virus in order to protect the society one lives in.

关键词： Ad5-nCoV booster   humoral immunity   inactivated vaccine booster   Omicron variants breakthrough infection  

摘要： Little information is available for antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern induced by Omicron breakthrough infection and a third booster with an inactivated vaccine (InV) or Ad5-nCoV in people with completion of two InV doses. Plasma was collected from InV pre-vaccinated Omicron-infected patients (OIPs), unvaccinated OIPs between 0 and 22 days, and healthy donors (HDs) 14 days or 6 months after the second doses of an InV and 14 days after a homogenous booster or heterologous booster of Ad5-nCoV. Anti-Wuhan-, Anti-Delta-, and Anti-Omicron-receptor binding domain (RBD)-IgG titers were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. InV pre-vaccinated OIPs had higher anti-Wuhan-, anti-Delta-, and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG titers compared to unvaccinated OIPs. Anti-Wuhan-RBD-IgG titers sharply increased in InV pre-vaccinated OIPs 0-5 days postinfection (DPI), while the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of anti-Delta- and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG were 3.3-fold and 12.0-fold lower. Then, the GMT of anti-Delta- and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG increased to 35 112 and 28 186 during 11-22 DPI, about 2.6-fold and 3.2-fold lower, respectively, than the anti-Wuhan-RBD-IgG titer. The anti-Wuhan-, anti-Delta-, and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG titers declined over time in HDs after two doses of an InV, with 25.2-fold, 5.6-fold, and 4.5-fold declination, respectively, at 6 months relative to the titers at 14 days after the second vaccination. Anti-Wuhan-, anti-Delta-, and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG titers elicited by a heterologous Ad5-nCoV booster were significantly higher than those elicited by an InV booster, comparable to those in InV pre-vaccinated OIPs. InV and Ad5-nCoV boosters could improve humoral immunity against Omicron variants. Of these, the Ad5-nCoV booster is a better alternative.

关键词： 新冠肺炎   信息性文本   功能对等理论   扩展意义单位模型   话语韵  

摘要： 本报告选取2021年剑桥学者出版社发行的专著Culture,Crisis and COVID-19:The Great Reset(《大重构计划:文化、危机与新冠》,以下简称《报告》)序言及第一章为源本进行汉语翻译。本著作主要叙述新冠肺炎疫情期间,由于价值观的差异,中西方国家面对疫情采取的不同的措施。译者选取该著作的序言及第一章作为翻译文本,其中含有大量的单个技术词和轻动词构式,句子结构严谨,语言表述的客观,逻辑性强。通过词表的对比发现该文本属于信息性文本,在翻译时强调内容的真实性、准确性和可读性,同时也要充分考虑读者的文化背景以及接受习惯等。根据文本类型特点,译者在词语、语法、短语、小句、句子、篇章等层面运用功能对等和扩展意义单位模型等翻译和语言学理论进行指导,以此来解决翻译时遇到的问题。本实践报告结合语料库语言学语义韵和话语韵概念,在信息性文本汉译中通过词语和语法共选、意义连贯、语义和谐等手段做到源文与译文文本功能对等,并从翻译和语言学角度总结出有效的信息性文本翻译策略,为其他信息性类型的文本翻译、翻译教学、翻译应用等提供思路。

关键词： 新型冠状病毒肺炎   新型冠状病毒   临床研究   潜在机制   三药三方  

摘要： 在新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）全球疫情蔓延期间，中国的指导方针在抗击疫情中被证明是有效的。中医药（TCM）在缓解症状、控制疾病进展、降低死亡率和提高患者治愈率方面的有效性得到广泛认可。大流行期间，“三药三方”（TMTFs）在数百项注册临床研究中脱颖而出，成为广受推荐的治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎的中药。TMTFs不仅能有效缓解发热、咳嗽、乏力、痰多等临床症状，还能大幅缩短核酸阴性转化时间，改善肺部CT影像特征和炎症反应，改善临床生化指标，减少后遗症。潜在的药理机制主要与病毒毒性、内皮损伤、炎性风暴、免疫反应和微血栓之间的串扰有关。总之，本文系统分析并总结了TMTFs治疗COVID-19的临床效果和潜在机制，涵盖了疾病发展的全过程，包括病毒入侵和复制、免疫反应和炎性风暴、急性呼吸窘迫综合征和多器官功能障碍综合征。本文综述为深入了解TMTFs在COVID-19治疗中的积极作用提供了理论依据和参考。

关键词： 新型冠状病毒   传播关系   数据提取   知识图谱   WebGIS  

摘要： 自新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)爆发以来,在各国家及地区持续传播,这对重大公共卫生事件带来了极大的挑战,尤其是在疫情传播过程中涉及个人、地理时空等因素,包括病患人员轨迹、医疗资源和时序病例信息等多种来源不同数据类型的数据。由于疫情数据量庞大、自动化提取程度较低,使得疫情传播关系分析成为难点。本文聚焦于传播关系识别中地理空间和病例人群传播关系的角度,分别构建了多源COVID-19数据提取与分析模型、病患时空信息知识图谱、疫情传播关系分析可视化平台,主要研究成果及内容如下:(1)多源COVID-19数据提取与分析。针对新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)传播过程中产生的多源数据,存在关键信息提取效率低、数据关联性差等问题,提出一种多源COVID-19数据提取与分析方法。以扬州市、石家庄市、重庆市疫情传播数据为例,利用基于对抗的BERT-Bi LSTM-CRF模型抽取病患复杂活动轨迹,进而结合Cox比例风险模型完成城市尺度的COVID-19的风险指数构建。结果表明BERT-Bi LSTM-CRF模型加入对抗扰动算法后模型准确率提升0.62%;通过皮尔逊相关系数和Cox比例风险模型分析发现:59岁以上人口数量、人口流动数、总人口数量、医疗机构数对城市疫情的传播存在显著相关性,疫情风险指数较高的区域均呈现人口流动较大、人口较为密集等特点。(2)病患时空信息知识图谱构建。为解决无法准确定位疫情传播路径的问题,提出了一种构建病患时空信息知识图谱的方法。在解析COVID-19病例数据基础上,定义知识图谱的本体,在定义本体的过程中,采用自顶向下的构建方式。以流行病调查数据为基础,对病例数据进行解析、实体识别和数据存储,完成了数据层的构。通过知识图谱传播关系分析框架进行实验验证,结果表明,通过COVID-19病患时空信息知识图谱对Jaccard相似度分析、Overlap相似度分析和关联关系分析等层面进行验证,该方法较为有效,且具有一定可行性。(3)基于WebGIS疫情传播关系分析可视化平台。针对疫情传播态势分析速度慢、疫情应急资源调配效率低等问题,研发了一套疫情传播关系分析可视化平台。通过关系数据库My SQL、图数据库Neo4j、地理数据库SDE,利用WebGIS、B/S架构,从地理空间和病例人群传播关系的角度出发,依据疫情传播过程产生的多源数据、多源COVID-19数据提取与分析和病患时空信息知识图谱构建的结果,构建了疫情数据时空可视化、病例传播风险地区重点预警、病例传播溯源、疫情决策支持四个模块。结果可为疫情防控部门提供决策参考。

关键词： 新冠肺炎疫情   居民消费   面板数据   中介效应   调节效应  

摘要： 从2020年初开始,新冠疫情肆虐,对于我国社会的方方面面都造成了明显的影响。经过3年来的渗透,疫情的影响已经从对生命和健康的危害,发展到对居民心理状态和生活习惯的改变。而随之带来的,就包括我国居民消费行为的变化。在此背景下,本文基于省级面板数据,从消费行为和疫情影响消费的理论梳理和现状分析出发,检验了新冠疫情是如何对中国居民消费产生影响的。 本文首先简要介绍研究消费行为和消费结构的主要理论模型,包括绝对收入消费理论,生命周期假说,线性支出模型,扩展线性支出模型,二次近似理想需求系统模型。接着简单论述了疫情影响消费的相关理论,包括居民收入方面、人口结构方面,以及个体心理层面。综合不同学者的分析,得到结论:居民消费本身会受到收入变动、人口结构、供给、价格等等因素的影响。而新冠疫情这个变量的加入,又使得居民的消费行为和心理发生转变,从而影响居民消费,产生相应的促进和抑制的作用。 接着,本文分析了我国本土20-22年的新冠疫情情况,以及通过我国2017-2022年的年度数据对我国消费现状进行了分析。整体上,中国居民的消费结构的变化趋势,是逐渐从侧重于生存型消费到不断增加发展和享受消费占比,从物质消费发展到服务消费,从传统消费发展到新消费。而在疫情前后,居民的消费支出和消费结构均有明显的变化。其中食品类消费疫情后出现上涨且涨幅较大,而生活用品及服务,交通通信和教育文化娱乐等消费支出均出现了不同幅度的下降,其中教育文化娱乐消费下降尤为明显。 在上述分析基础上,可以很清楚的看到,无论是从理论上,还是实际现状,新冠疫情对于居民消费的影响既存在抑制,又存在促进。本文提出了研究假设,基于季度省级面板数据,构建新冠肺炎疫情对我国居民消费的理论模型,并且采用了中介效应模型和调节效应模型进行了验证。实证结果显示:(1)新冠肺炎疫情对居民消费水平产生了显著的抑制作用,疫情带来的恐慌心理和防疫措施抑制了部分消费需求;(2)疫情带来的市场波动和政策不确定性会导致人民预期收入下降,制约了消费需求;(3)老年抚养比在新冠肺炎疫情与消费水平的关系中发挥正向调节作用,老年抚养比的提高会增强新冠肺炎疫情对居民消费水平的抑制作用;(4)少儿抚养比在新冠肺炎疫情与消费水平的关系中发挥负向调节作用,随着少儿抚养比的提高,新冠肺炎疫情对居民消费水平的抑制作用减弱。而这部分减弱,主要体现在生存型消费支出的增加。而后,本文通过稳健性检验和异质性分析,进一步验证了假设。 在本文的最后,基于现在疫情步入常态化管理阶段,整体趋于平稳,为了促进消费,我们总结了研究结论,并且基于上述实证结果,提出政策建议如下:一是采取稳健的货币政策和财政政策,提高市场流动性,增加货币供给,减少居民预防性储蓄,重塑消费者信心、促进消费意愿;二是稳定居民收入,建立收入保障机制,使居民消费没有后顾之忧,释放居民消费潜力;三是细分消费市场,针对不同消费人群,在不同的消费习惯下,建立补贴政策,刺激消费需求。有针对性地提高特定人群消费意愿与消费能力。