关键词： Beach litter   Microplastics   National park   Beach face   Sorting   Curonian spit  

摘要： In search of an effective method to evaluate plastic contamination, macrolitter (> 25 mm), mesolitter (5-25 mm), large microlitter (2-5 mm), large and small microplastics (2-5 mm and 0.5-2 mm) abundances in surface beach sands were simultaneously determined by two methods in four beach zones at six locations along the 100-km-long marine coast of the Curonian Spit National Park and the neighboring cities. Mean (median) content of plastic items per m(2) is 0.85 (0.33) for macro-, 1.48 (0.40) for meso-, 3.35 (0.68) for large microlitter, and 3235 (1800) for microplastics (0.5-5 mm). The distribution of litter and microplastics (0.5-5 mm) is highly variable along and across the beach. The abundance of small-microplastics (0.5-2 mm) at the beach face is similar for all the locations and replicates. Swash-zone mixing, water percolation, importance of sediment pore size (rather than grain size), natural sorting of plastic particles at the beach face are considered.

关键词： 微塑料   海洋   环境   污染   措施  

摘要： 党的十九大报告对海洋工作提出了新要求,要求以"创新引领东部地区优化发展"为动力,主要解决海洋资源环境可持续利用和生态服务功能提升等问题。中国作为世界上最大的塑料生产及使用的国家,微塑料流入海洋的数量逐年增加,微塑料又具有密度小、难降解、危害大的特点,它对我国海洋生态环境造成了一些负面的影响。目前,我国在微塑料污染的治理措施以及健全防御体系方面还有待加强。

关键词： micro-nano plastics   oceanographic survey   research progress  

摘要： The extensive existence of microplastics in the marine environment and the various definite and indefinite harm to the living creatures have been paid much *** this paper,the definition,source and pollution of micro(Nano)plastics in marine environment are *** related literatures are retrieved by using big data platform,the distribution characteristics of micro(Nano)plastics in the marine environment,control measures and so on,and the characteristics of key words making,resource distribution and contribution rate of research institutions are comprehensively *** provides the technical support for the scientific management of micro(Nano)plastics in the future.

关键词： 微塑料   污染现状   防治建议  

摘要： 文章根据我国南海区海岸带、河口、内陆径流及海域微塑料污染的相关调查资料,整理南海区表层水和沉积物中微塑料的污染现状,包括微塑料丰度、形状和聚合物类型等分布特征,归纳微塑料的潜在来源途径,提出健全塑料管理体系的建议,从源头上减少塑料的产生和排放,最后提出应深入研究微塑料对海洋生态系统的影响,以建立对微塑料的风险评估框架。

关键词： 海洋微塑料   危害   检测技术   提取方法   分布   来源   控制  

摘要： 自20世纪50年代塑料量产以来,全球塑料产量迅速增长,致使海洋环境中的微塑料随之不断增加。微塑料存在于海水、海洋生物和深海沉积物中,对海洋系统中的动植物造成了安全威胁,对人类健康也产生了潜在威胁。微塑料海洋污染问题已经引起了研究人员及国际环境组织等的密切关注,有关微塑料的相关研究也逐渐成为热点课题。为了更有针对性地对海洋中微塑料进行研究,文章从环境中微塑料的来源、分布及其对海洋生物(主要为海藻、贝类及鱼类)的危害出发,对海洋环境及水产品中微塑料的提取方法与检测分析技术进行了综述和比较,以期为海洋中微塑料的发现、分析、控制和处理等相关研究提供参考。

关键词： 沉积物   微塑料   丰度   粒径   表面形貌   黄河  

摘要： 微塑料(<5 mm)对于环境的污染越来越受到社会的关注,本文以黄河流域采集的沉积物为研究对象,通过密度浮选的方式提取其中的微塑料,统计了沉积物中微塑料的丰度、类型、颜色和粒径分布,同时,利用傅里叶红外光谱仪和扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)分析微塑料的组成和表面形貌特征。结果表明:①微塑料的丰度为15~615个·kg^-1(干沉积物),下游沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度高于中、上游。主要包括碎片类、发泡类、薄膜类和纤维类4种类型,其中碎片类所占的含量最高,为43. 35%,其次是发泡类塑料,约占34. 08%,薄膜类和纤维类相对较少,两者之和为20. 56%。②不同形状塑料的红外光谱分析表明:碎片类微塑料的主要成分是氧化聚乙烯,薄膜类的主要成分是聚丙烯,发泡类和纤维类微塑料的主要成分分别是聚苯乙烯和聚乙烯。③微塑料的颜色分为透明、白色、彩色和黑色4种,其中透明和白色所占的比例较高,分别为43. 28%和34. 55%。微塑料的粒径特征表明,其粒径范围主要位于1~4 mm,占比为64. 8%,<1 mm的微塑料所占比例为16. 62%。④微塑料表面形貌特征表现为,微塑料有不同程度的老化痕迹,具有表面粗糙、孔隙多、裂隙明显等特点。

关键词： Micro-plastics   Bottled water   Nile Red-tagging   Optical microscopy   FT-IR spectroscopy   Raman spectroscopy  

摘要： Micro-plastic (MP) contamination of drinking water is an emerging global concern. Findings on the cytotoxic effects of MPs in human cells are an incentive to investigate the MP concentration in drinking water. The present study quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the MPs in 10 brands of single-use PET-bottled water, sourced from Thailand. A set of glass-bottled water was similarly analyzed to compare the MP concentrations between the two packaging. Two sorting techniques were used: 1) fluorescent tagging with Nile Red (>= 6.5 mu m) and 2) optical microscopy (>= 50 mu m). ATR-FT-IR (>= 50 mu m) and confocal Raman spectroscopy (1-50 mu m) were also used. The MP concentration was found to be 140 +/- 19 p/L in single-use plastic-bottled water and 52 +/- 4 p/L in glass-bottled water. Plastic bottles had a significantly higher MP quantity than the latter. Both 6.5-20 mu m and 20-50 mu m MPs showed significant dominance over the >= 50 mu m fraction. Fibers accounted for 62.8% of the total particle content, followed by fragments. Under optical microscopy, >= 50 mu m particles were 10 +/- 1 p/L (on average), which did not differ largely from that of fluorescent-tagged particles in the same size range (12 +/- 1 p/L), implying the suitability of both techniques to sort >= 50 mu m MPs. However, fluorescent-tagging was more reliable for MP identification in drinking water, particularly in the 6.5-50 mu m range. Among the particles that were confirmed to be polymeric, PET, PE, PP, and PA were dominant. Accordingly, the contamination mainly emanates from the packaging, but could also occur during the manufacturing process. Given the direct human exposure to MPs through bottled water and their cellular toxicity, further studies are encouraged on smaller-sized MPs in drinking water. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 微塑料   开阔海域   分布规律   工业化  

摘要： 微塑料(microplastics,MPs)已成为继气候变化、臭氧问题、海洋酸化之后新的全球重大环境问题,为揭示天津近岸海域微塑料分布规律和影响因素,利用表层现场采样、密度悬浮法分离、光学显微镜相结合的方法,研究了天津开阔海域的3个断面微塑料的丰度分布,分析了微塑料的粒径范围、形状类型和化学成分.结果表明,所监测开阔海域的3个断面中,海水样品微塑料丰度在210—1170个·m-3之间,均值为612个·m-3;微塑料类型包括细长形的纤维、不规则状的碎片和薄膜,纤维和碎片占到绝大多数,分别占到52.1%和46.8%;而检出微塑料颗粒粒径同大多数研究相同,粒径越小,含量越多,其中55.3%的微塑料颗粒粒径是小于0.5 mm;通过Mphunter软件分析出表层海水中微塑料的颜色以深色系(如:蓝色、黑色、红色)居多,少数有黄色、绿色、白色;利用Bio-Rad Knowltall光谱分析出海水中微塑料主要成分有PP-PE(聚丙烯-聚乙烯)、ABS(苯乙烯-丁二烯-丙烯共聚物)、CE(纤维素塑料)、EP(环氧树脂)、PA(聚酰胺)、PE(聚乙烯)、PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙酸脂)、PP(聚丙烯)、PVC(聚氯乙烯)9种塑料类型,含量由高到低依次为:PET>PP-PE>EP>CE>ABS>PE>PA>PVC>PP.结果分析表明,天津近岸海域微塑料污染受到海洋产业发展的影响,如海洋渔业、港口运输等,同时由于天津属于工业化城市,人口密度也较大,因此海洋微塑料污染也受到陆源污水排放的影响.

关键词： 微塑料   来源   分类   生态健康风险   污染治理  

摘要： 微塑料作为环境监测中一种新型的污染物日益受到关注,其具有粒径小、形态各异、分布广泛、难降解、化学性质稳定等特点,对动植物、生物多样性和人类带来巨大的生态风险和健康风险。本文从微塑料的来源、分类、危害、监测现状及未来发展趋势等方面进行阐述,并提出可行的监管对策和建议,以减少海洋塑料及微塑料垃圾的排放量,为微塑料污染治理提供参考。

关键词： 微塑料   镉   黄瓜   生理指标  

摘要： 为研究农田土壤中微塑料和镉污染对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗的生理效应,以两种不同粒径的聚氯乙烯微塑料A(粒径:<18μm)和B(粒径:18~150μm)及20 mg·kg^-1的镉为试材,探讨微塑料与镉污染对黄瓜幼苗根系和叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,微塑料A和B能够缓解镉污染对黄瓜根系活力的影响;微塑料A显著降低了黄瓜幼苗总根长,但对根直径无显著影响。微塑料A、B和镉的复合污染对黄瓜叶片SOD和H2O2的影响无叠加效应,反而呈现中和效应;微塑料B可以改善镉污染对黄瓜叶片MDA的影响。微塑料粒径不同,其对黄瓜叶片光合色素和光合荧光参数的影响也不同;微塑料A可以显著改善镉污染对黄瓜叶片类胡萝卜素的影响;微塑料B处理的黄瓜叶片对光能的吸收和耗散能力都高于微塑料A处理;微塑料B与镉的复合污染降低了黄瓜叶片对光能的耗散能力,但增高了其对光能的捕获能力。灰色关联度分析表明微塑料A和B对生理指标的影响与镉不同,镉与生理指标H2O2的关联度大;但微塑料A和B与光合作用相关的生理指标关联度大。本研究为农田土壤微塑料与镉污染的生态风险评价提供依据。