关键词： 微塑料污染   危害   污染  

摘要： 以“微塑料”为主题词,检索万方信息数据库和中外资料数据库等,综述了微塑料污染现状,包括其对海洋、河流、土壤、大气的污染。探讨了微塑料的危害,即其是一种新型环境污染源,可能会传递到营养链中,对营养生长有着不可估量的影响。目前,已在人们的日常生活中发现了高密度的微小塑料。应对微塑料污染及其危害加强研究,为环境保护提供参考。

关键词： 微塑料   海岸带   环境介质   养殖活动   垂直运动  

摘要： 为揭示近海海岸带微塑料的分布特征与主要来源,本文聚焦烟台海岸带区域,对潮滩、水体、沉积物和河流等不同的环境介质进行了季节性连续调查。结果表明,烟台海岸带微塑料的丰度在不同环境介质中存在差异,并具有显著的季节特征。在形状组成上,水体和沉积物中微塑料检出有纤维和碎片两种形状,以纤维为主;而潮滩沉积物中的微塑料则主要有纤维和发泡类,夏季以发泡类为主,说明微塑料的分布直接受人类养殖活动的影响。调查数据显示微塑料在水体中垂直运动相对复杂,纤维和碎片类微塑料更易于被生物附着而沉降至海底集聚。受河流、大气沉降、水体输运等多种环境因素影响,水体和海底沉积物是近岸海洋微塑料的主要存在介质,大气沉降可能是水体和海底沉积物中纤维类微塑料的重要来源。

关键词： 有机农药   微塑料   农田环境   可降解   生物降解   PVC   复合污染   吸附能力  

摘要： 近日,北京市农林科学院质标中心农田环境研究室团队针对微塑料-有机农药复合污染问题,选取4种典型传统的不可降解微塑料(PE、PS、PVC和PP)和2种生物降解微塑料(PLA和PBS),系统探索了微塑料—有机农药复合污染过程,发现了传统微塑料与可降解微塑料对农药吸附特征的显著差异。研究发现,2种可降解微塑料的吸附能力远大于其他不可降解微塑料(PBS>PLA>PP>PE>PS>PVC)。

关键词： Microplastics   Occurrence   Degradation   SEM/EDS & FTIR   Beach sediments   South African coast  

摘要： Microplastics (MPs) existence, identification and source were investigated by studying a total of 2539 particles in 349 sediment samples from nine different tourist beaches [(Sodwana & Richard Bays;Ballito, Mtunzini, Tugela, Zinkwazi, Ballito (north & south) and Durban north & south)] of southeastern coast of South Africa. They are more abundant in the beaches of the Durban city, followed by the Sodwana & Richards Bays, Ballito and Mtunzini. The black particles prevailed over the blue, white, pink, brown, red and green MPs. Supremacy of MPs in the Durban city is mainly due to the longshore coastal Agulhas current in the South eastern side of African coast aiding the degradation of primary plastics coming both from continent and sea. SEM images provided the evidences of weathering/degrading process through grooves, cracks, deep fissures, sharp edges and layered degradation showing signs of oxidation due to long term exposure in the coastal environment. EDS results suggested presence of elements (i.e. C, -O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, S, Ti, Cu and Zn introduced during the production of plastics as additives. FTIR spectral matches identified from all samples infer polypropylene (PP) (62%), rayon (RY) (17.2%), polycarbonate (PC) (29.8%), nylon (NY) (18.92%), polyester (PES) (31.2%), polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (11.21%) and polystyrene (PS) as well as low (28.9%) & high (36.1%) polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Higher abundance of MPs in the beaches of South Africa in comparison with studies around the world emphasizes the need of dispersal monitoring and use of plastic materials/polymers. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 微塑料污染   热点与前沿   VOSviewer   CiteSpace   数据可视化  

摘要： 为了解近年来环境微塑料污染研究的热点、前沿及未来的研究方向,以WebofScience(WOS)和中国知网(CNKI)为信息源,基于VOSviewer和CiteSpace的知识图谱可视化功能,分析了2000—2020年环境微塑料污染领域发表的研究成果。结果表明:近年来发文量随着年份增加呈显著增长;微塑料、海洋环境、区域污染状况、微塑料的影响、监测、生物摄入累积、微塑料溯源、土壤与淡水等主题词为热点研究方向;研究前沿包括淡水、塑料制品、海洋污染、海洋垃圾与海洋生物效应等方面的内容。海洋、淡水等水体当中微塑料污染现状;环境微塑料污染的来源与分布监测;生物体微塑料累积与生物毒性效应;微塑料在食物链、生态系统中的传递富集与生态效应及危害等是未来环境微塑料污染研究的重点方向。

关键词： (Micro-)plastic   COVID-19   SARS-CoV-2   Saudi Arabia   Qatar   Plastisphere  

摘要： Face masks are primary line of defense to reduce the transmission risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). World Health Organization (WHO) has already updated the guidelines and advised the use of face masks in public areas essentially. This has dramatically increased the production and use of face masks in many parts of the world. Arabian Peninsula is comprised of six countries where the public perception of following WHO guidelines is high. In this study, we highlight the concerns relating to extensive use of face masks in this region, particularly in the context of (micro-) plastic pollution. We computed the number of face masks to be used in each of the countries of Arabian Peninsula for varying levels of acceptance rate and average number of daily usages. Accordingly, the amount of (micro-)plastic that could come into the terrestrial and marine environment is also reported. Saudi Arabia, being the most populated country in the region may contribute up to 32- 235 thousand tons of (micro-)plastic which is nearly half of the amount in the whole Peninsula. On the other hand, an extremely high infection rate in Qatar (25.74%) may also lead to a significant increase of (micro-)plastic content due to high public acceptance rate and living standards. The high (micro-)plastic fraction is of significant concern because it ends up in the marine ecosystems. Further, it allows colonization of several pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungal filaments, and spores) and might serve as carriers of disease transmission finally affecting the living organisms habituating these ecosystems. It is suggested that appropriate regulations on face masks waste should be devised to avoid any unwanted consequences in the near future. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

关键词： Agroecosystems   Micro- and nano-plastic   Microbes   Nitrogen   Plant toxicity  

摘要： Micro- and nano-plastics have widely been recognized as major global environmental problem due to its widespread use and inadequate waste management. The emergence of these plastic pollutants in agroecosystem is a legitimate ecotoxicological concerns for food web exchanges. In agriculture, micro/ nano plastics are originated from a variety of different agricultural management practices, such as the use of compost, sewage sludge and mulching. A range of soil properties and plant traits are affected by their presence. With the increase of plastic debris, these pollutant materials have now begun to demonstrate serious implications for key soil ecosystem functions, such as soil microbial activity and nutrient cycling. Nitrogen (N) cycle is key predictor of ecological stability and management in terrestrial ecosystem. In this review, we evaluate ecological risks associated with micro-nano plastic for soil-plant system. We also discuss the consequence of plastic pollutants, either positive or negative, on soil microbial activities. In addition, we systematically summarize both direct and hypothesized implications for N cycling in agroecosystem. We conclude that soil N transformation had showed varied effects resulting from different types and sizes of plastic polymers present in soil. While mixed effects of microplastic pollution on plant growth and yield have been observed, biodegradable plastics have appeared to pose greater risk for plant growth compared to chemical plastic polymers. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 船舶微塑料   船舶防污染  

摘要： 文中介绍了微塑料污染的来源、定义和危害,分析了船舶微塑料污染防治存在的主要问题,结合我国海事部门的管理现状对开展船舶微塑料污染的来源与占比关系研究进行了开创性建议,对MARPOL公约附则Ⅳ、Ⅴ提出了修正方向,同时对加强船舶塑料污染物接收、处置的监管等方面提出了较为合理实际的建议。

关键词： 海洋环境   微塑料污染   生态影响   生物降解  

摘要： 微塑料是一种制造简单、应用范围广、使用功能性强的材料,近年来被广泛运用于外包装、化工生产、设备零件生产、装饰装修等产业中。研究发现,微塑料制品并不具备完全降解的功能,这会造成大量制品被遗弃后无法实现自然土壤降解。海洋中也汇集了大量微塑料产品,严重威胁了海域内的生物健康,直接影响海洋的自然循环。本文分析了海洋微塑料污染问题,研究了提升生物降解技术运用效果的途径,讨论了该技术的应用范围和未来发展方向。

关键词： 微塑料   迁移   吸附   解吸   降解   生物效应  

摘要： 微塑料是一种新兴环境污染物,广泛存在于海洋和沿海环境中。微塑料比表面积大且具有疏水性,易吸附水环境中的有机污染物。其因尺寸接近水生生物的摄食直径,极易被生物摄取,从而沿着食物链发生富集现象,近年来引发了全球的广泛关注。目前有关微塑料的文章对微塑料在环境中的分布和数量都做了充分的调查,并对常见微塑料与主流污染物的吸附原理和动力学进行了大量的研究。但是目前针对环境中微塑料调查的取样方法不统一,分析微塑料迁移和生物效应的模型简单且适应性弱。另外,针对微塑料与环境污染物相互作用引发的复合环境效应研究不足,研究微塑料的环境行为与生物效应的整体性易被忽视。本文首先介绍了微塑料在环境中的分布、丰度以及微塑料吸附环境中有机污染物的情况;然后分析了水环境中微塑料对持久性有机污染物的存在、分布和生物有效性的影响,并讨论了微塑料的种类和性质、污染物种类、环境条件等因素对微塑料环境行为的影响;最后结合微塑料与有机污染物作用特性、微塑料尺寸等因素讨论了微塑料与有机污染物的复合生物效应。微塑料种类庞杂,与环境介质中污染物作用密切,因此结合微塑料与污染物相互作用特性和环境特征讨论微塑料的环境行为意义重大。