关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   WHO   脊髓灰质炎病毒   未接种疫苗   三价疫苗   水源传播   肠道内   2型  

摘要： WHO建议将2型脊髓灰质炎病毒从三价脊髓灰质炎疫苗中剔除。三价疫苗应于2016年4月被二价疫苗所取代。2型脊髓灰质炎病毒自1999年以来一直未被发现，然而估计它在肠道内复制并通过污染的水源传播给未接种疫苗儿童后，可引起90％的疫苗诱发疾病。

关键词： Sabin株   脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   全基因组测序   遗传稳定性  

摘要： 目的分析Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗（inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine,sabin strain,s IPV）毒种（亚主种子、工作种子）及疫苗代次病毒（SO＋4）的遗传稳定性。方法比较疫苗株SabinⅠ、Ⅱ型及PfizerⅢ型亚主种子、工作种子及疫苗代次病毒的感染性滴度及D抗原含量的变化情况,并对上述病毒进行全基因组测序。结果各代次Sabin株病毒滴度均维持在7.62-8.62 lg CCID50/ml,D抗原含量均维持在30-128 DU/ml。与Gen Bank上登录的SabinⅠ（AY184219.1）、Ⅱ（AY184220.1）、Ⅲ型（AY184221.1）减毒株原始种子（SO）基因序列相比,Sabin株亚主种子（SO＋2）、工作种子（SO＋3）及疫苗代次病毒（SO＋4）均未出现碱基突变。结论 s IPV毒种及疫苗代次病毒的全基因序列与原始种子相比,均未发生变化,毒力均一,遗传性状方面保持了较好的稳定性。

关键词： 疫苗接种   接种单位   狂犬病疫苗   百白破联合疫苗   流感疫苗   轮状病毒疫苗   水痘疫苗   舆论焦点   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   国家免疫规划  

摘要： 山东非法经营疫苗案自曝光以来,引起社会广泛关注,成为舆论焦点,并引发社会对接种疫苗的恐慌,许多家长提出了还要不要接种疫苗的问题。案情简介3月19日,山东省食品药品监督管理局公告称,庞某。

关键词： 结合疫苗   脑膜炎球菌   C/Y   HibMenCY-TT   流感嗜血杆菌   免疫原性   四价   疫苗接种   脊髓灰质炎病毒   PHBV  

摘要： 背景：在幼儿接种流感嗜血杆菌-脑膜炎C/Y结合疫苗（HibMenCY-TT）疫苗的第二年进行单剂四价脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗（Men ACWY-TT）或第四剂Hib Men CY-TT的安全性和免疫原性的评价。方法：健康婴儿被随机（5∶1）分组,在2、4和6个月龄接种Hib Men CY-TT和白喉-破伤风-无细胞百日咳-乙肝-灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒（DTa PHBV-IPV）疫苗;或Hib-TT和DTaP-HBV-IPV疫苗（对照组）。

关键词： Antiviral Agents   Human poliovirus 1   Capsids   Quality Control   Poliovirus   canyons   Neutralization  

摘要： Nanobodies, or VHHs, that recognize poliovirus type 1 have previously been selected and characterized as candidates for antiviral agents or reagents for standardization of vaccine quality control. In this study, we present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of poliovirus with five neutralizing VHHs. All VHHs bind the capsid in the canyon at sites that extensively overlap the poliovirus receptor-binding site. In contrast, the interaction involves a unique (and surprisingly extensive) surface for each of the five VHHs. Five regions of the capsid were found to participate in binding with all five VHHs. Four of these five regions are known to alter during the expansion of the capsid associated with viral entry. Interestingly, binding of one of the VHHs, PVSS21E, resulted in significant changes of the capsid structure and thus seems to trap the virus in an early stage of expansion.

关键词： POLIO   VACCINATION   ONCOLOGY   ENTEROVIRUSES   FECES   HEALTH facilities   HOSPITAL care   MUTATION (Biology)   POLIOMYELITIS vaccine   DEPARTMENTS   IMMUNOCOMPROMISED patients  

摘要： Axel Schubert, *** Medical Center, Ulm, Germany

关键词： Polio   Eradication   Risk management   Vaccine   Stockpile  

摘要： Background: Following successful eradication of wild polioviruses and planned globally-coordinated cessation of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), national and global health leaders may need to respond to outbreaks from reintroduced live polioviruses, particularly vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Preparing outbreak response plans and assessing potential vaccine needs from an emergency stockpile require consideration of the different national risks and conditions as they change with time after OPV cessation. Methods: We used an integrated global model to consider several key issues related to managing poliovirus risks and outbreak response, including the time interval during which monovalent OPV (mOPV) can be safely used following homotypic OPV cessation;the timing, quality, and quantity of rounds required to stop transmission;vaccine stockpile needs;and the impacts of vaccine choices and surveillance quality. We compare the base case scenario that assumes aggressive outbreak response and sufficient mOPV available from the stockpile for all outbreaks that occur in the model, with various scenarios that change the outbreak response strategies. Results: Outbreak response after OPV cessation will require careful management, with some circumstances expected to require more and/or higher quality rounds to stop transmission than others. For outbreaks involving serotype 2, using trivalent OPV instead of mOPV2 following cessation of OPV serotype 2 but before cessation of OPV serotypes 1 and (would represent a good option if logistically feasible. Using mOPV for outbreak response can start new outbreaks if exported outside the outbreak population into populations with decreasing population immunity to transmission after OPV cessation, but failure to contain outbreaks resulting in exportation of the outbreak poliovirus may represent a greater risk. The possibility of mOPV use generating new long-term poliovirus excretors represents a real concern. Using the base case outbreak

关键词： Poliomyelitis   Poliovirus   Vaccine   Oral poliovirus vaccine   Inactivated poliovirus vaccine   Booster   China   Eradication  

摘要： Introduction: Replacing live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) with inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) is part of the global strategy to eradicate poliomyelitis. China was declared polio-free in 2000 but continues to record cases of vaccine-associated-poliomyelitis and vaccine-derived-poliovirus outbreaks. Two pilot safety studies and two larger immunogenicity trials evaluated the non-inferiority of IPV (Poliorix(TM), GSK Vaccines, Belgium) versus OPV in infants and booster vaccination in toddlers primed with either IPV or OPV in China. Methods: In pilot safety studies, 25 infants received 3-dose IPV primary vaccination (Study A, *** NCT00937404) and 25 received an IPV booster after priming with three OPV doses (Study B, NCT01021293). In the randomised, controlled immunogenicity and safety trial (Study C, NCT00920439), infants received 3-dose primary vaccination with IPV (N = 541) or OPV (N = 535) at 2,3,4 months of age, and a booster IPV dose at 18-24 months (N = 470, Study D, NCT01323647: extension of study C). Blood samples were collected before and one month post-dose-3 and booster. Reactogenicity was assessed using diary cards. Serious adverse events (SAES) were captured throughout each study. Results: Study A and B showed that IPV priming and IPV boosting (after OPV) was safe. Study C: One month post-dose-3, all IPV and >= 98.3% OPV recipients had seroprotective antibody titres towards each poliovirus type. The immune response elicited by IPV was non-inferior to Chinese OPV. Seroprotective antibody titres persisted in >= 94.7% IPV and >= 96.1% OPV recipients at 18-24 months (Study D). IPV had a clinically acceptable safety profile in all studies. Grade 3 local and systemic reactions were uncommon. No SAES were related to IPV administration. Conclusion: Trivalent IPV is non-inferior to OPV in terms of seroprotection (in the Chinese vaccination schedule) in infant and toddlers, with a clinically acceptable safety profile. (C) 2016 Th

摘要： In 2014, the WHO Special Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) reviewed the evidence regarding the non-specific effects of vaccines and concluded that further research is warranted.2 On average, about 75 cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis are reported each year worldwide, and WHO has suggested that OPV be gradually replaced by inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) to reduce the number of such cases.3 Results from a randomised trial4 in 2015 suggest that OPV might have beneficial non-specific effects that reduce all-cause mortality by 17%, possibly to a greater extent in boys than in girls, whereas previous evidence suggests that IPV increases all-cause mortality by 10%.5 Consequently, the proposed change from OPV to IPV might lead to increased all-cause mortality through loss of the beneficial non-specific effects of the live vaccine, and adverse non-specific effects of the inactivated vaccine.4,5 Replacement of OPV with IPV could translate to approximately 4000 deaths for each case of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis prevented, and might cause more than 300 000 additional deaths each year.

关键词： 急性迟缓性麻痹   非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒   监测  

摘要： 目的对2010年-2014年江苏省急性驰缓性麻痹(AFP)病例粪便标本中非脊髓灰质炎其他肠道病毒(NPEV)监测结果进行分析,为疾病的预防控制和早期诊断治疗提供实验室数据。方法按照世界卫生组织(WHO)《脊髓灰质炎病毒检验手册》操作规程进行病毒分离与鉴定。SPSS 18.0统计软件进行统计分析。结果共检测1 369例AFP以及162份AFP接触者的粪便标本,共分离出72株NPEV。各年度分离率差异无统计学意义,且AFP病例相关非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒的分离率与年龄分布无关,不同月份组间AFP病例相关非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒分离率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),NPEV感染相关AFP病例7月-9月最高。结论开展AFP病例相关非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒监测,尤其是病原体的分型鉴定,对于维持无脊髓灰质炎的目标及完善全省急性迟缓性麻痹病例的应急处置能力有着积极意义。