关键词： unmet health needs   underserved communities   demand creation   noncompliance   persistently poor performing high risk communities   persistently poor performing LGAs   Northern Nigeria  

摘要： Introduction. Poliomyelitis remains a global threat despite availability of oral polio vaccine (OPV), proven to reduce the burden of the paralyzing disease. In Nigeria, children continue to miss the opportunity to be fully vaccinated, owing to factors such as unmet health needs and low uptake in security-compromised and underservedcommunities. We describe the implementation and evaluation of several activities to create demand for polio vaccination in persistently poor- performing local government areas ( LGAs). *** integral We assessed the impact of various polio-related interventions, to measure the contribution of demand creation activities in 77 LGAs at very high risk for polio, located across 10 states in northern Nigeria. Interventions included provision of commodities along with the polio vaccine. *** integral There was an increasing trend in the number of children reached by different demand creation interventions. A total of 4 819 847 children were vaccinated at health camps alone. There was a reduction in the number of wards in which > 10% of children were missed by supplementary immunization activities due to noncompliance with vaccination recommendations, a rise in the proportion of children who received a parts per thousand yen4 OPV doses, and a decrease in the proportion of children who were underimmunized or unimmunized. *** integral Demand creation interventions increased the uptake of polio vaccines in persistently poor-performing high-risk communities in northern Nigeria during September 2013-November 2014.

关键词： 疫苗安全   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   公众   停止接种   尼日利亚   儿童  

摘要： 2003年8月，尼日利亚有人毫无根据地宣称。接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗（OPV）不安全，会导致儿童成年后不育。这导致了尼日利亚北部两个州的儿童停止接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗，其他州接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗者的比例也大大下降。

关键词： environmental surveillance   poliovirus   sewage   wild poliovirus   circulating vaccine derived poliovirus  

摘要： Background. Cases of paralysis caused by poliovirus have decreased by >99% since the 1988 World Health Assembly's resolution to eradicate polio. The World Health Organization identified environmental surveillance (ES) of poliovirus in the poliomyelitis eradication strategic plan as an activity that can complement acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. This article summarizes key public health interventions that followed the isolation of polioviruses from ES between 2012 and 2015. *** integral The grap method was used to collect 1.75 L of raw flowing sewage every 2-4 weeks. Once collected, samples were shipped at 4A degrees C to a polio laboratory for concentration. ES data were then used to guide program implementation. *** integral From 2012 to 2015, ES reported 97 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV2) and 14 wild polioviruses. In 2014 alone, 54 cVDPV type 2 cases and 1 WPV type 1 case were reported. In Sokoto State, 58 cases of AFP were found from a search of 9426 households. A total of 2 252 059 inactivated polio vaccine and 2 460 124 oral polio vaccine doses were administered to children aged < 5 year in Borno and Yobe states. *** integral This article is among the first from Africa that relates ES findings to key public health interventions (mass immunization campaigns, inactivated polio vaccine introduction, and strengthening of AFP surveillance) that have contributed to the interruption of poliovirus transmission in Nigeria.

关键词： polio eradication initiative   public health innovations   World Health Organization   outbreak response   Nigeria  

摘要： The polio eradication journey in Nigeria has been long, with a mix of good and not so good news over the years. Nigeria was very close to interrupting transmission of polio and then experienced an upsurge of transmission, owing to an interaction of several factors. At one point, Nigeria became a net exporter of poliovirus to polio-free countries, but at the end of 2013 there was clear evidence that the hard work and numerous innovations that the government and its partners had implemented were beginning to pay off: the number of cases of wild poliovirus (WPV) type 1 infection had decreased by 58%, compared with 2012; there had not been any cases of WPV type 3 infection detected since November 2012; and there had also been a reduction in the genetic diversity (clusters) of WPV1, from 8 in 2012 to 2 in 2013. In 2014, there were 6 cases of WPV1 …

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   野病毒   疫苗   免疫策略  

摘要： 目前全球已进入到2018年同时消灭脊髓灰质炎野病毒和疫苗衍生病毒的最后战略阶段,中国已成功消灭脊髓灰质炎野病毒流行,脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种策略的调整迫在眉睫,中国将灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗(IPV)逐步纳入一类疫苗的免疫策略。

关键词： Journalists Initiative on Immunization Against Polio   strong resistance to immunization   noncompliance   partnership  

摘要： Background. The polio eradication initiative had major setbacks in 2003 and 2007 due to media campaigns in which renowned scholars and Islamic clerics criticized polio vaccines. The World Health Organization (WHO) partnered with journalists in 2007 to form the Journalists Initiatives on Immunisation Against Polio (JAP), to develop communication initiatives aimed at highlighting polio eradication activities and the importance of immunization in northern Nigeria. *** integral We evaluated the impact of JAP activities in Kaduna State by determining the total number of media materials produced and the number of newspaper clips and bulletins published in support of polio eradication. We also determined the number of households in noncompliant communities that became compliant with vaccination during 2015 supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) after JAP interventions and compared caregivers' sources of information about SIAs in 2007 before and after the JAP was formed. *** integral Since creation of the JAP, > 500 reports have been published and aired, with most portraying polio vaccine positively. During June 2015 SIAs in high-risk wards of Kaduna STATE, JAP interventions resulted in vaccination of 5122 of 5991 children (85.5%) from noncompliant households. During early 2007, the number of caregivers who had heard about SIA rounds from the media increased from 26% in January, before the JAP was formed, to 33% in March, after the initiation of JAP activities. *** integral The formation of the JAP resulted in measurable improvement in the acceptance of polio vaccine in northern Nigeria.

关键词： 吸附无细胞百日咳疫苗   白喉   破伤风   乙型肝炎   脊髓灰质炎   联合疫苗   免疫原性  

摘要： 目的评价不同剂量配比及制备工艺的吸附无细胞百日咳-白喉-破伤风-乙型肝炎-Sabin株灭活脊髓灰质炎联合疫苗（DTa P-Hep B-s IPV）的基础免疫效果。方法以中、低剂量s IPV与铝佐剂相互配伍的不同配方,设计4个DTa P-Hep B-s IPV联合疫苗实验组,即中剂量含铝佐剂s IPV组（A组）、中剂量不含铝佐剂s IPV组（B组）、低剂量含铝佐剂s IPV组（C组）、低剂量不含铝佐剂s IPV组（D组）,并设相应各组分的对照组和上市的联合疫苗参考组。按0、1、2月基础免疫程序,经左右腿肌肉接种Wistar大鼠,于免前及每剂免后第30天釆血,检测各组大鼠血清中各组分抗体水平、GMT及阳转率。结果大鼠经全程基础免疫后,A、B组各型别脊灰病毒中和抗体阳转率均达到100%,C、D组为80%~100%;A、C组各剂次免后所诱导的各型别脊灰病毒中和抗体GMT值均高于同等剂量不含铝佐剂的B、D组,且均达到或超过参考组;B、D组所诱导的各型别脊灰病毒中和抗体GMT值均低于同等剂量的对照组。各组百白破抗体阳转率在首剂免后均达到100%,每剂免后,实验组百白破抗体GMT与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。基础免疫完成后,实验组和参考组乙型肝炎表面抗体阳转率为40%~88.9%;各实验组乙型肝炎抗体水平与对照组、参考组相比,差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论 s IPV中剂量含铝佐剂的DTa P-Hep Bs IPV联合疫苗可诱导大鼠在基础免疫过程中产生良好且稳定的体液免疫反应。

关键词： Poliovirus   Poliovirus vaccine   Inactivated poliovirus vaccine   Oral poliovirus vaccine   Sabin strain   Global polio eradication   Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis   Vaccine-derived poliovirus  

摘要： During the endgame of global polio eradication, the universal introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccines is urgently required to reduce the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and polio outbreaks due to wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses. In particular, the development of inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPVs) derived from the attenuated Sabin strains is considered to be a highly favorable option for the production of novel IPV that reduce the risk of facility-acquired transmission of poliovirus to the communities. In Japan, Sabin-derived IPVs (sIPVs) have been developed and introduced for routine immunization in November 2012. They are the first licensed sIPVs in the world. Consequently, trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine was used for polio control in Japan for more than half a century but has now been removed from the list of vaccines licensed for routine immunization. This paper reviews the development, introduction, characterization, and global status of IPV derived from attenuated Sabin strains. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 肠道病毒   柯萨奇病毒   脊髓灰质炎病毒   诺如病毒   多重RT-PCR  

摘要： 建立同时能检测蝇类携带的肠道病毒EV71、柯萨奇病毒CA16、脊髓灰质炎病毒PV1 及诺如病毒Noro GI 型的多重RT-PCR 检测体系。方法 采用随机引物法对病毒RNA 逆转录后,用四条引物在同一管中通过一次PCR 反应成功检测EV71、CA16、PV1 及Noro GI 型。结果 建立的多重RT-PCR 检测方法能够特异性的检测出蝇类模拟阳性样本携带的病毒。结论 成功建立蝇类携带的四种病毒的多重RT-PCR 检测方法。

关键词： 人副肠孤病毒   非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒   中枢神经系统感染   脓毒症   儿童  

摘要： 目的 通过检测患儿脑脊液和血清标本中的HPeV和NPEV,结合临床探讨其在儿童中的感染特征.方法 收集2014年1月至12月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院来自600例16岁以下怀疑中枢神经系统感染或脓毒症患儿的脑脊液标本543份和血清标本173份,其中116例患儿同时收集到脑脊液和血清标本.通过实时荧光RT-PCR和巢式RT-PCR的方法对HPeV和NPEV进行筛查及分型.结果 在最终诊断为CNS感染的136例患儿中,HPeV阳性率为1.5％,NPEV阳性率为16.9％;诊断为脓毒症的51例患儿中,HPeV阳性率为5.9％,NPEV阳性率为3.9％;其他诊断的413例患儿中,HPeV阳性率为3.4％,NPEV阳性率为2.9％.HPeV感染患儿以0月～＜3月年龄组最多,而NPEV则以3岁～＜7岁组最多.NPEV感染的高峰为7月～9月,而HPeV感染的高峰为11月和12月.结论 HPeV感染患儿年龄低于NPEV感染患儿,HPeV和NPEV可在儿童中引起脓毒症或CNS感染等严重疾病.