关键词： POLIOVIRUS   POLIOMYELITIS vaccine   POLIO   SEROPREVALENCE   RISK factors  

关键词： Inactivated polio vaccine   Thimerosal   Lyophilization   Rat potency   Hexavalent vaccine  

摘要： A hexavalent vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, whole cell pertussis, Haemophilius influenza type B, hepatitis B and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) may: (i) increase the efficiency of vaccination campaigns, (ii) reduce the number of injections thereby reducing needlestick injuries, and (iii) ensure better protection against pertussis as compared to vaccines containing acellular pertussis antigens. An approach to obtain a hexavalent vaccine might be reconstituting lyophilized polio vaccine (IPV-LYO) with liquid pentavalent vaccine just before intramuscular delivery. The potential limitations of this approach were investigated including thermostability of IPV as measured by D-antigen ELISA and rat potency, the compatibility of fluid and lyophilized IPV in combination with thimerosal and thimerosal containing hexavalent vaccine. The rat potency of polio type 3 in IPV-LYO was 2 to 3-fold lower than standardized on the D-antigen content, suggesting an alteration of the polio type 3 D-antigen particle by lyophilization. Type 1 and 2 had unaffected antigenicity/immunogenicity ratios. Alteration of type 3 D-antigen could be detected by showing reduced thermostability at 45 degrees C compared to type 3 in non-lyophilized liquid controls. Reconstituting IPV-LYO in the presence of thimerosal (TM) resulted in a fast temperature dependent loss of polio type 1-3 D-antigen. The presence of 0.005% TM reduced the D-antigen content by similar to 20% (polio type 2/3) and similar to 60% (polio type 1) in 6 h at 25 degrees C, which are WHO open vial policy conditions. At 37 degrees C, D-antigen was diminished even faster, suggesting that very fast, i.e., immediately after preparation, intramuscular delivery of the conceived hexavalent vaccine would not be a feasible option. Use of the TM-scavenger, L-cysteine, to bind TM (or mercury containing TM degradation products), resulted in a hexavalent vaccine mixture in which polio D-antigen was more stable. (C) 2016 The Aut

关键词： VACCINATION   Immunization   Fentanyl   Drug overdose   Polio   Public health -- India  

摘要： The article presents report on the campaign for fractional-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization in Telangana State, India in June 2016. Topics discussed in the report include the plan and implementation of the immunization campaign, information about poliovirus vaccine, and the increased number of fentanyl-related deaths.

关键词： Poliovirus   Polio -- Prevention   VACCINATION   Acute flaccid paralysis   Polio  

摘要： What is known about this topic? The last case of wild poliovirus transmission in Nigeria was reported in July 2014. The country was officially removed from the list of countries with endemic wild poliovirus transmission in September 2015. What is added by this report? In April 2016, a laboratory-confirmed isolate of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2), a genetic variant of the vaccine virus with the potential to cause paralysis, was reported from a sewage effluent site in Borno, a state in northeastern Nigeria with international boundaries. Years of armed insurgency in Borno have led to reduced polio vaccination and surveillance activities, resulting in a population of underimmunized children. The Nigeria National Polio Emergency Operations Center activated an outbreak response that included supplemental immunization activities (SIAs), a retrospective search for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases, and enhanced environmental surveillance. Approximately 1 million children were vaccinated in the first SIA round, and 13 previously unreported AFP cases were identified. What are the implications for public health practice? Strategies for increasing vaccination coverage, including deployment of innovative approaches for reaching children in conflict-affected areas, are needed to prevent VDPV and other vaccine preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks. Strengthening surveillance is an urgent priority. Closer coordination of polio eradication activities between state and national jurisdictions in the region should be considered to prevent the potential spread of cVDPV and other VPDs across international boundaries.

关键词： Poliovirus   Acute flaccid paralysis   Polio -- Prevention   VACCINATION   Polio  

摘要： What is already known about this topic? Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), genetically divergent strains from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), fall into three classifications: 1) circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) from outbreaks, 2) immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs) from patients with primary immunodeficiencies, and 3) ambiguous VDPVs (aVDPVs) that cannot be more definitively identified. cVDPVs emerge in settings of low population immunity, can cause paralysis, and can sustain long-term circulation. Because > 94% of cVDPVs isolated since 2006 and 66% of iVDPVs identified since OPV introduction are type 2, and because wild polio virus type 2 was declared eradicated in 2015, the World Health Organization coordinated worldwide replacement of trivalent OPV with bivalent OPV (types 1 and 3) in April 2016. What is added by this report? During January 2015-May 2016, new cVDPV outbreaks were identified in Burma, Guinea, Laos, Madagascar, and Ukraine, while cVDPV2 circulation in Nigeria and Pakistan sharply declined. Twenty-one newly identified persons in 10 countries were found to excrete iVDPVs. What are the implications for public health practice? The ultimate goal of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is the cessation of all poliovirus circulation. The risk for iVDPV emergence will continue as long as OPV is used. The switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV in April 2016 was the first step to phasing out the use of all OPV, setting the stage for a total worldwide shift from OPV to IPV.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗   口服   脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗   ,灭活   世界卫生组织   意见书  

摘要： 此文取代2014年WHO关于脊髓灰质炎疫苗的意见书，介绍了口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗和脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗的特性、安全性、免疫原性、效果、保护作用持续时间，WHO对脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种和与其他疫苗同时接种的意见，以及消灭脊髓灰质炎的成本效益。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   接种  

摘要： 目的分析杭州市2010～2014年出生儿童不同类型脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）疫苗接种情况，为脊灰灭活疫苗（IPV）纳入国家免疫规划（EPI）策略改变的衔接提供依据。方法从杭州市儿童免疫规划信息管理系统中导出2010～2014年出生儿童脊灰疫苗接种数据，运用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果杭州市2010～2014年出生儿童566894人，脊灰疫苗基础免疫接种率为97．52％，全程使用口服脊灰减毒活疫苗（OPV）、全程使用IPV和使用序贯程序的儿童比例分别为70．57％、27．01％和2．41％。全程使用IPV的覆盖率逐年增高，城区儿童（41．98％）高于农村儿童（18．98％），常住儿童（34．06％）高于流动儿童（17．64％）。结论杭州市脊灰疫苗接种水平较高，IPV使用比例和全程使用IPV的儿童增多，全程使用IPV儿童可能存在潜在的肠道免疫缺失的风险，建议开展相关研究，同时在IPV纳入EPI的过渡时期做好宣传沟通工作。

关键词： 疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒   基因特征   序列测定和分析  

摘要： 为了解云南省疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒(Vaccine-derived Poliovirus,VDPV)的基因组特征,对2010年及2012年监测到的4株VDPV进行全基因组序列测定。结果显示,2株Ⅱ型VDPV的基因组全长均为7439nt,与Sabin Ⅱ疫苗株全基因组核苷酸和氨基酸的序列同源性分别为95.4%和97.7%;2株I型VDPV基因组全长均为7441nt,与Sabin I疫苗株全基因组核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性分别为93.9%和97.9%。减毒位点分析发现II型和I型VDPV毒株分别有两个(nt 481和nt 2909)和三个减毒位点(nt 480、nt 2795和nt 6203)发生了回复突变。VP1序列分析显示II型和I型VDPV毒株与相应Sabin株的变异分别为1%和2.3%,重组分析显示II型和I型VDPV的基因组结构分别为S2/S3和S1/S2/S1/S3,后者的重组次数高达3次,显示了重组的普遍性和复杂性,也表明了病毒在人体内复制和传播的持久性与重组的多样性成正相关。因此,从分子水平分析VDPV的特性,可掌握病毒的变异动态,为制定科学可行的VDPV控制策略提供理论依据。

关键词： 二氧化氯   杀菌效果   脊髓灰质炎病毒   毒性  

摘要： 目的研究一种新型一元制剂二氧化氯消毒剂的消毒效果及毒性。方法采用悬液定量杀菌、脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活试验和动物实验方法,对其消毒效果和毒性进行实验室观察。结果用浓度50 mg/L的该二氧化氯消毒剂对悬液内金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌作用5 min,平均杀灭对数值均>5.00;用浓度200 mg/L该二氧化氯消毒剂对悬液内枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢作用10 min,平均杀灭对数值>5.00;用浓度100 mg/L的该二氧化氯消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒I型(PV-I)作用5 min,平均灭活对数值>5.00。该消毒剂对小鼠急性经口毒性试验结果为LD50>5 000 mg/(kg·bw),属实际无毒;微核试验结果为阴性;对日本大耳白兔皮肤无刺激性。结论该二氧化氯消毒剂对细菌繁殖体、真菌、细菌芽孢和脊髓灰质炎病毒均有良好的杀灭效果,属实际无毒级,无致微核作用且对兔皮肤无刺激性。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   实验室工作人员   免疫策略  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎病毒是一种人肠道病毒,其感染人体后,通过侵袭脊髓的运动神经元引起典型麻痹症状。脊髓灰质炎是目前全球第二个正在消灭的传染性疾病。对脊髓灰质炎病毒实验室工作人员实施免疫预防策略,控制实验室工作人员可能出现的感染甚至传播,将成为消灭脊髓灰质炎进程中不可或缺的一环。本文通过分析国内外关脊髓灰质炎病毒实验室工作人员免疫策略现状,提出适合中国现状的控制脊髓灰质炎病毒实验室从业人员感染的相关免疫规划意见和建议。