关键词： Acceptance   Multiple injectable vaccines   Single visit   Healthcare providers   Caregivers   The Gambia  

摘要： Background: As the World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends that children be protected against 11 different pathogens, it is becoming increasingly necessary to administer multiple injectable vaccines during a single immunization visit. In this study we assess Gambian healthcare providers' and infant caregivers' attitudes and practices related to the administration of multiple injectable vaccines to a child at a single immunization visit before and after the 2015 introduction of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). IPV introduction increased the number of injectable vaccines recommended for the 4-month immunization visit from two to three in The Gambia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey before and after the introduction of IPV at 4 months of age in a representative sample of all health facilities providing immunizations in The Gambia. Healthcare providers who administer vaccines at the selected health facilities and caregivers who brought infants for their 4 month immunization visit were surveyed. Findings: Prior to IPV introduction, 9.9% of healthcare providers and 35.7% of infant caregivers expressed concern about a child receiving more than 2 injections in a single visit. Nevertheless, 98.8% and 90.9% of infants received all required vaccinations for the visit before and after IPV introduction, respectively. The only reason why vaccines were not received was vaccine stock-outs. Infant caregivers generally agreed that vaccinators could be trusted to provide accurate information regarding the number of vaccines that a child needed. Conclusion: Healthcare providers and infant caregivers in this resource limited setting accepted an increase in the number of injectable vaccines administered at a single visit even though some expressed concerns about the increase. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： VACCINATION   Poliovirus   Enteroviruses   Immunization   Viral replication   Polio  

摘要： The article focuses on the cessation on the use of Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (tOPV) as part of the worldwide effort to eradicate polio. The factors that motivate the World Health Organization (WHO) to stop the use of the vaccine due to the genetic changes during replication that can result in vaccine-derived polioviruses are discussed. The effort of the WHO in facilitating the termination of the vaccines before the switch to trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine is also mentioned.

关键词： Bacteriophage   Coagulation   Electrophoretic mobility   Enteric virus   Hydrophobicity   Virus inactivation  

摘要： We evaluated the removal of enteric adenovirus (AdV) type 40 and poliovirus (PV) type 1 by coagulation, using water samples from 13 water sources for drinking water treatment plants in Japan. The behaviors of two widely accepted enteric virus surrogates, bacteriophages MS2 and phi X174, were compared with the behaviors of AdV and PV. Coagulation with polyaluminum chloride (PACl, basicity 1.5) removed AdV and PV from virus-spiked source waters: the infectious AdV and PV removal ratios evaluated by means of a plaque-forming-unit method were 0.1-1.4-log(10) and 0.5-2.4-log(10), respectively. A nonsulfated high-basicity PACl (basicity 2.1) removed infectious AdV and PV more efficiently than did other commercially available PACls (basicity 1.5-2.1), alum, and ferric chloride. The MS2 removal ratios tended to be larger than those of AdV and PV, partly because of differences in the hydrophobicities of the virus particles and the sensitivity of the virus to the virucidal activity of PACl;the differences in removal ratios were not due to differences in the surface charges of the virus particles. MS2, which was more hydrophobic than the other viruses, was inactivated during coagulation with PACl. Therefore, MS2 does not appear to be an appropriate surrogate for AdV and PV during coagulation. In contrast, because phi X174, like AdV and PV, was not inactivated during coagulation, and because the hydrophobicity of phi X174 was similar to or somewhat lower than the hydrophobicities of AdV and PV, the phi X174 removal ratios tended to be similar to or somewhat smaller than those of the enteric viruses. Therefore, phi X174 is a potential conservative surrogate for AdV and PV during coagulation. In summary, the surface hydrophobicity of virus particles and the sensitivity of the virus to the virucidal activity of the coagulant are probably important determinants of the efficiency of virus removal during coagulation. (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗,口服   序列同源性  

摘要： 目的检测2011—2014年河北省急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例粪便标本中的脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒，并对其VP1基因核苷酸序列进行同源性分析。方法收集2011—2014年河北省AFP监测系统中登记的15岁以下出现AFP症状的1504例病例的粪便标本，每份5g，共3001份（1497例采集双份标本，7例采集单份标本）。采用Real-time PCR对分离到的脊灰病毒进行核酸提取及RNA检测，采用逆转录PCR扩增脊灰病毒VP1基因片段，并对扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定，以构建系统进化树，与Sabin疫苗株进行同源性比较。采用χ^2检验比较不同年份脊灰病毒阳性率的差异。结果3001份粪便标本共分离到脊灰病毒50株，阳性率为1.7%，其中Ⅰ型10株，Ⅱ型15株，Ⅲ型16株，混合型9株；2011—2014年脊灰病毒阳性率分别为1.0%（9/890）、1.4%（12/824）、2.2%（17/770）和2.3%（12/517）（χ^2=2.24，P=0.525）。VP1基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分析显示，脊灰病毒Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型株核苷酸序列与Sabin疫苗株的同源性分别为98.8%-100%、99.1%-100％和99.2%-100%，氨基酸序列同源性分别为98.6%-100%、98.3%-100％和98.6%-100%。VP1基因进化分析显示，脊灰病毒Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型株的变异率分别为0.66%、0.66％和0.55%。结论2011—2014年河北省检测出的脊灰病毒除1份为Ⅱ型疫苗衍生脊灰病毒外，其余均为脊灰疫苗类似株，均与Sabin疫苗株具有较高的同源性。

关键词： 呼吸道病毒   快速检测方法   细胞培养技术   脊髓灰质炎病毒   救援   灾后   狂犬病病毒   鸡瘟病毒  

摘要： 病毒学是一门起步较晚的学科,1898年荷兰人Beijerink证明烟草花叶病是由滤过性病原引起,奠定了病毒是一种新的微生物的基础。在此后10多年内相继发现了包括鸡瘟病毒、狂犬病病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒和劳斯肉瘤病毒等10多种病毒。二十世纪30年代,实验动物、鸡胚和细胞培养技术的产生,成功地分离和培养了许多动物病毒,对病毒的检测方法起到巨大的推动作用。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   实时荧光定量RT-PCR   应用发展  

摘要： 1996年美国Applied Biosystems公司推出了实时荧光定量PCR技术,该技术是指在PCR反应体系中加入荧光基团,利用荧光信号积累实时监测整个PCR进程,最后通过标准曲线对未知模板进行定量分析的方法[1-2]。该技术实现了PCR从定性到定量的飞跃,可动态实时检测核酸产物的形成,无需后处理过程,避免了扩增产物的污染,而且具有直观、重复性好、特异性强、敏感性高、定量准确、自动化程度高、速度快、全封闭和易操作等优点,因而目前已得到广泛应用[3-4]。

关键词： China   immunogenicity   IPV   sequential regimen  

摘要： Background. Two vaccination schedules where inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was followed by oral polio vaccine (OPV) were compared to an OPV-only schedule. Methods. Healthy Chinese infants received a 3-dose primary series of IPV-OPV-OPV (Group A), IPV-IPV-OPV (Group B), or OPV-OPV-OPV (Group C) at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. At pre-Dose 1, 1-month, and 14-months post-Dose 3, polio 1, 2, and 3 antibody titers were assessed by virus-neutralizing antibody assay with Sabin or wild-type strains. Adverse events were monitored. Results. Anti-polio 1, 2, and 3 titers were >= 8 (1/dil) in > 99% of participants, and Group A and Group B were noninferior to Group C at 1-month post-Dose 3 as assessed by Sabin strain-based assay (SSBA). In Group A 1-month post-Dose 3, there was no geometric mean antibody titers (GMT) differences for types 1 and 3;type 2 GMTs were approximate to 3-fold higher by wild-type strain-based assay (WTBA) versus SSBA. For Group B, GMTs were approximate to 1.7- and 3.6-fold higher for types 1 and 2 via WTBA, while type 3 GMTs were similar. For Group C, GMTs were approximate to 6.3- and 2-fold higher for types 1 and 3 with SSBA, and type 2 GMTs were similar. Antibodies persisted in >96.6% of participants. Adverse event incidence in each group was similar. Conclusions. A primary series of 1 or 2 IPV doses followed by 2 or 1 OPV doses was immunogenic and noninferior to an OPV-only arm. SSBA was better at detecting antibodies elicited by OPV with antibody titers correlated to the number of OPV doses (NCT01475539).

关键词： dose sparing   hollow microneedles   intradermal immunization   inactivated poliovaccine   poliomyelitis  

摘要： The aim of this study was to investigate the depth-dependent intradermal immunogenicity of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) delivered by depth-controlled microinjections via hollow microneedles (HMN) and to investigate antibody response enhancing effects of IPV immunization adjuvanted with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG) or cholera toxin (CT). A novel applicator for HMN was designed to permit depth- and volume-controlled microinjections. The applicator was used to immunize rats intradermally with monovalent IPV serotype 1 (IPV1) at injection depths ranging from 50 to 550 mu m, or at 400 mu m for CpG and CT adjuvanted immunization, which were compared to intramuscular immunization. The applicator allowed accurate microinjections into rat skin at predetermined injection depths (50-900 mu m), -volumes (1-100 mu L) and -rates (up to 60 mu L/min) with minimal volume loss (+/- 1-2%). HMN-mediated intradermal immunization resulted in similar IgG and virus-neutralizing antibody titers as conventional intramuscular immunization. No differences in IgG titers were observed as function of injection depth, however IgG titers were significantly increased in the CpG and CT adjuvanted groups (7-fold). Intradermal immunogenicity of IPV1 was not affected by injection depth. CpG and CT were potent adjuvants for both intradermal and intramuscular immunization, allowing effective vaccination upon a minimally-invasive single intradermal microinjection by HMN.

关键词： chimeric protein   cross neutralizing activity   poliovirus epitope   rotavirus VP6-based vector  

摘要： Rotavirus and poliovirus continue to present significant risks and burden of disease to children in developing countries. Developing a combined vaccine may effectively prevent both illnesses and may be advantageous in terms of maximizing compliance and vaccine coverage at the same visit. Recently, we sought to generate a vaccine vector by incorporating multiple epitopes into the rotavirus group antigenic protein, VP6. In the present study, a foreign epitope presenting a system using VP6 as a vector was created with six sites on the outer surface of the vector that could be used for insertion of foreign epitopes, and three VP6-based PV1 epitope chimeric proteins were constructed. The chimeric proteins were confirmed by immunoblot, immunofluorescence assay, and injected into guinea pigs to analyze the epitope-specific humoral response. Results showed that these chimeric proteins reacted with anti-VP6F and -PV1 antibodies, and elicited antibodies against both proteins in guinea pigs. Antibodies against the chimeric proteins carrying PV1 epitopes neutralized rotavirus Wa and PV1 infection in vitro. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the use of VP6-based vectors as multiple-epitope delivery vehicles and the epitopes displayed in this form could be considered for development of epitope-based vaccines against rotavirus and poliovirus.

关键词： vaccines   eradication   comparative ethnography  

摘要： Many of medical anthropology's most pressing research questions require an understanding how infections, money, and ideas move around the globe. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) is a $9 billion project that has delivered 20 billion doses of oral polio vaccine in campaigns across the world. With its array of global activities, it cannot be comprehensively explored by the traditional anthropological method of research at one field site. This article describes an ethnographic study of the GPEI, a collaborative effort between researchers at eight sites in seven countries. We developed a methodology grounded in nuanced understandings of local context but structured to allow analysis of global trends. Here, we examine polio vaccine acceptance and refusal to understand how global phenomena-in this case, policy decisions by donors and global health organizations to support vaccination campaigns rather than building health systems-shape local behavior.