关键词： IMMUNOLOGY   POLIOVIRUS   ENTEROVIRUSES   COXSACKIEVIRUSES   ECHO viruses  

摘要： To fill the gap in serotype 2 immunity, at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) has been introduced into routine immunisation programmes in most countries that use oral poliovirus vaccines. [...]in a matter of months, more than 100 countries have shifted from a routine schedule relying solely on tOPV to a mixed schedule of bOPV and IPV. [...]in populations immunised with oral poliovirus vaccines, serum neutralising-antibody titres are a reasonable correlate of mucosal protection and are used by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to monitor progress in high-risk areas.6 The study by Wright and colleagues also draws attention to one of the major obstacles currently facing the polio endgame: the deficits in serotype 2 mucosal immunity after a mixed schedule of bOPV and IPV.

关键词： Poliomyelitis   Inactivated polio vaccine   Hollow microneedles   Intradermal immunization   Fractional dose   Adjuvant   Dose-sparing  

摘要： The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various repeated fractional intradermal dosing schedules of inactivated polio vaccine serotype 1 (IPV1) on IPV1-specific IgG responses in rats. By utilizing an applicator that allowed for precisely controlled intradermal microinjections by using a single hollow microneedle, rats were immunized intradermally with 5 D-antigen units (DU) of IPV1 at 150 mu m skin depth. This dose was administered as a bolus, or in a repeated fractional dosing schedule: 4 doses of 1.25DU (1/4th of total dose) were administered on four consecutive days or every other day;8 doses of 0.625 DU (1/8th of total dose) were administered on eight consecutive days;or 4 exponentially increasing doses (0.04, 0.16, 0.8 and 4 DU), either with or without an exponentially increasing CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG) dose, were administered on four consecutive days. All of these fractional dosing schedules resulted in up to ca. 10-fold higher IPV1-specific IgG responses than intradermal and intramuscular bolus dosing. IPV1 combined with adjuvant CpG in exponential dosing did not significantly increase the IPV1-specific IgG responses further, which demonstrated that maximal responses were achieved by fractional dosing. In conclusion, repeated fractional intradermal IPV1 dosing leads to superior IPV1-specific IgG responses without the use of adjuvants. These results indicate that a controlled release delivery system for intradermal IPV1 delivery can potentiate IPV1-specific IgG responses. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

摘要： In their study, 6-week-old full-term Latin American infants due for their first polio vaccinations were randomly assigned by permuted block randomisation to five schedules. We agree that risk mitigation measures need to be taken against type 2 poliovirus, especially in light of the global supply shortage of IPV. However, the orders of vaccination schedules in the study were different from the orders recommended by WHO (introduction of IPV followed by OPV).

摘要： Following on from our randomised controlled trial,1 Qian Zhang and colleagues commented on the importance of the sequence of the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in infant immunisation schedules in the context of preventing rare but serious adverse events of OPV, such as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and vaccine-derived poliovirus.

关键词： Social media   Facebook   Vaccination debates and discussions   Polio  

摘要： Background: Social media can act as an important platform for debating, discussing, and disseminating information about vaccines. Our objectives were to map and describe the roles played by web-based mainstream media and social media as platforms for vaccination-related public debates and discussions during the Polio crisis in Israel in 2013: where and how did the public debate and discuss the issue, and how can these debates and discussions be characterized? Method: Polio-related coverage was collected from May 28 to October 31, 2013, from seven online Hebrew media platforms and the Facebook groups discussing the Polio vaccination were mapped and described. In addition, 2,289 items from the Facebook group "Parents talk about Polio vaccination" were analyzed for socio-demographic and thematic characteristics. Results: The traditional media mainly echoed formal voices from the Ministry of Health. The comments on the Facebook vaccination opposition groups could be divided into four groups: comments with individualistic perceptions, comments that expressed concerns about the safety of the OPV, comments that expressed distrust in the Ministry of Health, and comments denying Polio as a disease. In the Facebook group "Parents talk about the Polio vaccination", an active group with various participants, 321 commentators submitted 2289 comments, with 64 % of the comments written by women. Most (92 %) people involved were parents. The comments were both personal (referring to specific situations) and general in nature (referring to symptoms or wide implications). A few (13 %) of the commentators were physicians (n = 44), who were responsible for 909 (40 %) of the items in the sample. Half the doctors and 6 % of the non-doctors wrote over 10 items each. This Facebook group formed a unique platform where unmediated debates and discussions between the public and medical experts took place. Conclusion: The comments on the social media, as well as the socio-demographic profiles o

关键词： 疫苗接种   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   百白破   头围   联合疫苗   流感嗜血杆菌   常规体检   免疫效应   保健医生   脑发育不良  

摘要： Q我儿子15个月了,前两天带他去镇上理发时才发现,他的囟门居然还没闭合!不是说囟门一般在1岁就闭合了吗？孩子不会得什么病了吧？A你的宝宝才15个月,前囟门没有闭合是正常的,不必太担心。一般来说,大约有一半的宝宝在18个月时前囟门闭合,还有一半的宝宝大概在2岁时囟门才闭合,少数宝宝甚至在2岁以后囟门才闭合。当然了,

关键词： 脊灰疫苗高变异株病毒   流行病学调查   分析  

摘要： 目的阐述四川省1例脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗高变异株病例的流行病学调查与分析。方法按照相关要求,对疫情开展病例个案调查、实验室检测、病毒传播风险评估、应急处置等相关工作。结果 2014-06,四川省发现1例脊灰疫苗高变异株病例。事件发生后,四川省严格按照相关要求开展了多项应急处置措施,成功控制疫情,未再发现新发病例。结论通过本次事件的应对证明了《脊髓灰质炎野病毒输入性疫情和疫苗衍生病毒相关事件应急处置技术方案(试行)》的有效性和可操作性。同时,本次事件也暴露出了四川省在维持无脊灰工作中存在的一些漏洞和不足,需在今后的工作中不断完善和改进。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   纯化   蛋白成分  

摘要： 目的对本公司研发的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒纯化液进行蛋白成分分析及鉴定。方法按照疫苗生产工艺,应用NBS篮式生物反应器生产单价脊髓灰质炎病毒原液,经超滤浓缩及分子筛和阴离子交换两步柱层析纯化方法,收集并灭活蛋白峰。透射电镜下观察病毒形态及大小;ELISA方法检测宿主细胞蛋白（host cell protein,HCP）及残留牛血清白蛋白含量;HPLC法分析单价灭活病毒纯化液纯度;液相色谱（liquid chromatography,LC）与电喷雾电离质谱（electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry,ESI-MS）相结合的技术鉴定样品中所含蛋白成分。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒纯化液中可见球形病毒颗粒,直径25-30 nm;HCP、残余牛血清白蛋白含量分别低于50 ng/ml、2.5μg/ml;纯度大于95%;单价脊髓灰质炎病毒样品中含有相应血清型的脊髓灰质炎病毒基因组编码蛋白,且相应病毒蛋白成分数据库匹配相对分值在所含蛋白组分中均最高。结论Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒液经纯化后,有效去除了杂质蛋白保留了病毒蛋白组分,单价病毒纯化液病毒蛋白成分明确,纯度较高,为后续该疫苗的研发与生产提供了参考。

关键词： Sabin   Inactivated poliovirus vaccine   S-IPV   Polio vaccine  

摘要： The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has seen significant progress since it began in 1988, largely due to the worldwide use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). In order to achieve polio eradication the global cessation of OPV is necessary because OPV contains live attenuated poliovirus, which in rare circumstances could re-gain wild poliovirus (WPV) characteristics with potential to establish transmission. The GPEI endgame strategy for the period 2013-2018 recommends the globally synchronised sequential cessation of the Sabin strains contained in the OPV, starting with type 2 Sabin. The withdrawal of Sabin type 2 took place in April 2016, with the introduction of at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) as a risk mitigation strategy. The introduction of IPV into 126 countries since 2013 has required a rapid scale-up of IPV production by the two manufacturers supplying the global public sector market. This scale-up has been fraught with challenges, resulting in reductions of 40-50% of initial supply commitments. Consequently, 22 countries will not be supplied until 2018, and another 23 countries will experience serious stock-outs. In the last decade repeated calls-for-action were made to the global community to invigorate their vision and investment in developing "new poliovirus vaccines" including the development of IPV from less-virulent strains, such as Sabin-IPV (S-IPV). The conventional Salk-IPV production is limited to high income industrialized-country manufacturers due to the containment requirements (i.e., high sanitation, low force-of-poliovirus-infection, and high population immunity). The use of Sabin strains in the production of S-IPV carries a lower biosafety risk, and was determined to be suitable for production in developing countries, expanding the manufacturing base and making IPV more affordable and accessible in the long term. Significant progress in the S-IPV has been made since 2006. S-IPV is now licensed as S-IPV in Jap

关键词： PVRL4   Measles virus   miRNA   Glioblastoma   Breast cancer   Ovarian cancer  

摘要： Oncolytic measles virus strains are currently being evaluated in several clinical trials, as a promising novel oncolytic platform. Poliovirus receptor-related 4 (PVRL4) was recently identified as a potent measles virus (MV) receptor;however, its regulation is not yet understood. Increased levels of PVRL4 protein were observed in cell membrane, cytoplasm and nuclei of glioblastoma, breast and ovarian tumor clinical samples with no significant change in PVRL4 mRNA levels in glioblastoma and breast cancer compared with their corresponding control samples, suggesting that PVRL4 is likely post-transcriptionally regulated. Therefore, we sought to investigate the potential role of miRNAs in PVRL4 regulation and thus MV infectivity. We demonstrated that miR-31 and miR-128 can bind to the 3'UTR of PVRL4 and decrease PVRL4 levels while anti-miR-31/128 increase PVRL4 levels suggesting that PVRL4 is miRNA targeted. Furthermore, miR-31/128 expression levels were down-regulated in glioblastoma and breast tumor samples and showed significant negative correlations with PVRL4 levels. Infection with an MV strain that exclusively utilizes PVRL4 as its receptor showed that over-expression of miR-31/128 decreases MV infectivity while inhibition of the respective miRNAs via anti-miRs increase MV infectivity and reduce tumor size in mouse xenograft models of glioblastoma, breast and ovarian cancer. Additionally, miR-128 levels showed significant correlations with MV infection and in vivo anti-tumor effect, while MV infection increased miR-31 expression and thereby contributed to the observed decrease in PVRL4 levels. This study suggests that PVRL4 is post transcriptionally regulated by miR-128 and miR-31 and harbors possible miRNA targets that could modulate MV infectivity and in turn enhance MV based oncolytic therapeutic strategies. (C) 2016 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.