关键词： Poliovirus vaccine   Vaccination   VAPP  

摘要： Background: China's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has provided 4 doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) since the 1970s. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) became available in 2010 in Hangzhou as a private-sector, parent-chosen alternative to OPV. In 2015, WHO recommended that countries with all-OPV vaccination schedules introduce at least one dose of IPV, to mitigate risk associated with the withdrawal of type 2 OPV. We analyzed polio vaccine coverage and utilization in Hangzhou to determine patterns of IPV use and the occurrence of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) in the various patterns identified. Methods: Children born between 2010 and 2014 and registered in Hangzhou's Immunization Information System (HZIIS) were included. VAPP cases were detected through the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance system. We used descriptive epidemiological methods to determine IPV and OPV usage patterns and VAPP occurrence. Results: HZIIS data from 566,894 children were analyzed. Coverage levels of polio vaccine were greater than 92% for each birth cohort. Percentages of children using OPV-only, IPV-only, and IPV/OPV sequential schedules were 70.57%, 27.01% and 2.41%, respectively. IPV-only schedule utilization increased by birth cohort regardless of geographical area or whether the child was locally-born. The highest use of an all-IPV schedule (79.85%) was among urban, locally-born children in the 2014 birth cohort. Five VAPP cases were identified during the study years;all cases occurred following the first polio vaccine dose, which was always OPV for the cases. Type 2 vaccine virus was isolated from 2 VAPP cases, and type 2 and type 3 vaccine virus was isolated from one VAPP case. The incidence of VAPP in the 2010-2014 birth cohorts was 3.76 per 1 million doses of OPV. Conclusion: Children in Hangzhou had high polio vaccination coverage. IPV-only schedule use increased by year, and was highest in urban areas among locally-born children. All cases of VAPP w

关键词： 国家森林公园   单项奖   赛奇   造币厂   克劳斯   拉普兰   时空连续体   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   索尔   出生缺陷  

摘要： 在上一期中,我们介绍了第34届克劳斯世界硬币大奖赛的五个单项奖获奖币,这一期我们接着介绍另外五个单项奖的获奖币。最佳流通币：吉赛奇国家森林公园纪念币面值：25美分重量：5.67克材质：8.33%镍,91.67%铜直径：24.26毫米发行国：美国吉赛奇国家森林公园纪念币是2015年美国造币厂发行的美丽25分系列的第二枚纪念币,

关键词： POLIOMYELITIS vaccine   POLIO -- Prevention  

摘要： This article presents the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendations on the use of polio vaccine excerpted from the WHO position paper on polio vaccines March 2016, published in the Weekly Epidemiological Record [1]. This position paper on polio vaccines replaces the 2014 WHO position paper [2]. The position paper summarizes the WHO position on the introduction of at least one dose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) into routine immunization schedules as a strategy to mitigate the potential risk of re-emergence of type 2 polio following the withdrawal of Sabin type 2 strains from oral polio vaccine (OPV) [3]. Footnotes to this paper provide a number of core references including references to grading tables that assess the quality of the scientific evidence, and to the evidence-to-recommendation table. In accordance with its mandate to provide guidance to Member States on health policy matters, WHO issues a series of regularly updated position papers on vaccines and combinations of vaccines against diseases that have an international public health impact. These papers are concerned primarily with the use of vaccines in large-scale immunization programmes;they summarize essential background information on diseases and vaccines, and conclude with WHO's current position on the use of vaccines in the global context. This position paper reflects the global switch from trivalent to bivalent OPV which took place in April 2016. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗,口服   抗体   热敏标签   失效时间  

摘要： 目的 评价25℃与37℃恒温状态下某口服脊髓灰质炎减毒疫苗（OPV）专用热敏标签的失效时间.方法 样本标签由某公司生产提供,型号QM5D37A,样本份数为160份,从不同批次产品中采用随机数字表法抽样得到;OPV样本疫苗由某国产疫苗企业生产提供,样本份数100份,从不同批次产品采用随机数字表法抽样得到.将160份样本标签平均分配到25℃与37℃水浴恒温箱中,定期测量活性区域颜色值ΔE.当ΔE=40时,活性区域颜色与参照圆圈颜色相同,热敏标签提示失效.采用随机数字表法,将100份OPV样本疫苗平均分配到25℃与37℃水浴恒温箱中,定期测量OPV总病毒滴度与Ⅰ、Ⅲ型病毒滴度.当满足总病毒滴度≤6.12细胞培养半数感染量（CCID50）、Ⅰ型病毒滴度≤6.0 CCID50,Ⅲ型病毒滴度≤5.5 CCID50之一时,样本疫苗失效.采用Origin 8绘制热敏标签ΔE变化拟合曲线图,根据曲线图计算热敏标签失效时间范围,结合疫苗滴度数据判断热敏标签是否存在晚于疫苗失效的情况.结果 25℃下,OPV样本疫苗失效的最早时间为21.0 d,此时,失效的样本疫苗为1份;25℃下,样本标签全部失效的最早时间为12.5 d,小于该温度下OPV失效的最早时间.37℃下,OPV样本疫苗失效的最早时间为4.0 d,此时,失效的样本疫苗为1份;样本标签全部失效的最早时间为3.1 d,小于相同条件下OPV疫苗失效的最短时间.结论 相同温度下样本标签均于疫苗失效前到达终点.37℃下样本标签全部失效的时间与OPV样本疫苗最早失效时间相同;25℃下样本标签全部失效时间早于疫苗最早失效时间.

关键词： 疫苗接种   免疫水平   儿童身体   人工制备   特异免疫   百白破   流脑疫苗   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   不知道   麻疹疫苗  

摘要： 认识接种什么是预防接种?就是将人工制备的预防某种疾病的疫苗或抗体,通过适宜的途径进入机体,使机体获得对该疾病的特异免疫力,以提高个体或群体的免疫水平,从而预防和控制所针对传染病的发生和流行。预防接种前、后应注意什么事项?成都市疾病预防控制中心免疫规划科黄医生说,在接种前需保持儿童身体清洁,注意休息,穿着宽松,出门之前量好体温,如怀疑有禁忌症要提前向接种医生咨询。接种后不要立即离开,应在接种地点观察30分钟。在此期间,如儿童表现反常、

关键词： Polio eradication   Immunoassay   Poliovirus   Neutralization test   Multiplex   Binding inhibition  

摘要： Large-scale serosurveillance or vaccine studies for poliovirus using the "gold standard" WHO neutralisation test (NT) are very laborious and time consuming. With the pblio eradication at hand and with the removal of live attenuated Sabin strains from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), starting with type 2 (as of April 2016), laboratories will need to conform to much more stringent laboratory biosafety regulations when handling live poliovirus strains. In this study, a poliovirus binding inhibition multiplex immunoassay (polio MIA) using inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV-Salk)was developed for simultaneous quantification of serum antibodies directed to all three poliovirus types. Our assay shows a good correlation with the NT and an excellent correlation with the ELISA-based binding inhibition assay (POBI). The assay is highly type-specific and reproducible. Additionally, serum sample throughput increases about fivefold relative to NT and POBI and the amount of serum needed is reduced by more than 90%. In conclusion, the polio MIA can be used as a safe and high throughput application, especially for large-scale surveillance and vaccine studies, reducing laboratory time and serum amounts needed. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： Silver nanoparticle   Antiviral activity   Poliovirus   RD cell  

摘要： Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been proven to have noticeable cytotoxicity in vitro and antiviral activity against some types of enveloped viruses. This paper presents the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of pure AgNPs synthesized by the electrochemical method, towards cell culture and poliovirus (a non-enveloped virus). Prepared AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Before incubation with poliovirus, different concentrations of AgNPs were added to human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell monolayers seeded in 96 well plates for testing their cytotoxicity. The in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-poliovirus activity of AgNPs were daily assessed for cytopathic effect (CPE) through inverted light microscopy. CPE in the tested wells was determined in comparison with those in wells of negative and positive control. Structure analysis showed that AgNPs were formed with a quasi-spherical shape with mean size about 7.1 nm and high purity. No CPE of RD cells was seen in wells at the time point of 48 h post-incubation with AgNPs at concentration up to 100 ppm. The anti-poliovirus activity of AgNPs was determined at 3.13 ppm corresponding to the viral concentration of 1TCID(50) (Tissue Culture Infective Dose) after 30 min, and 10TCID(50) after 60 min, the cell viability was found up to 98% at 48 h post-infection, with no CPE found. Whereas, a strong CPE of RD cells was found at 48 h post-infection with the mixture of AgNPs and poliovirus at concentration of 100TCID(50), and in wells of positive controls. With mentioned advantages, electrochemical-synthesized AgNPs are promising candidate for advanced biomedical and disinfection applications. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Clinical trial   Vaccine   Medical innovation   Research translation   Research governance  

摘要： This paper highlights distinctive features of a neglected class of economic activity in the domain of medical innovation, namely the creation of testing regimes in clinical trials, asking how their nature might be expected to affect innovation of medical technology. It argues firstly that clinical trials are not simply about passively validating an already well-known technology and verifying its safety. Rather, clinical trials are part of a more active process of learning that allows pharmaceutical innovations to be useful outside the laboratory. It argues secondly that product development can proceed along a number of long and costly paths before a product's behaviour in actual practice becomes clear, which can make selecting between alternative courses of action difficult. Thus, product choice and product development need to go hand-in-hand. To consider these arguments, the paper maps out four trajectories of polio vaccine development, tracing their paths through clinical trials since the 1950s, and describes some of the defining features of testing regimes for medical innovation. These include institutions that integrate knowledge and co-ordinate skills in testing processes, and capabilities for allocating testing resources, managing testability constraints, sharing knowledge and improving commensurability between testing communities. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Vaccines   clinical trials   pharmacokinetics   pharmacodynamics   virus   attenuated vaccine   Nanopatch (TM)  

摘要： This review is aimed at equipping the reader with fundamental knowledge pertaining to vaccines, their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, along with specific examples with respect to clinical trials and mechanism of action. Poliomyelitis, rotavirus and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccines have been discussed in this review. Progress made in vaccines has been discussed, from failed clinical trials to recent ground-breaking developments. Efforts made to combat the recent outbreak of Zika virus have also been included. The recent development of the Nanopatch (TM) technology aims at revolutionizing the vaccine industry.

关键词： Immunization   Oral polio vaccine   Vaccine-derived poliovirus  

摘要： Background: Oral polio vaccine can rarely lead to Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Case characteristics: A 2-year-old child with asymmetric paralysis of lower limbs following first booster of oral polio vaccine;type 2 Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) isolated. Subsequently, the child was diagnosed to have common variable immunodeficiency. Outcome: Paralysis gradually improved on follow-up;monthly intravenous immunoglobulin therapy started for primary immunodeficiency. Message: We need to evaluate children with VAPP for underlying immunodeficiency.