关键词： Poliovirus   Vaccination   Humoral immunity   Intestinal immunity  

摘要： Background: Since April 2016 inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) has been the only routine source of polio type 2 protection worldwide. With IPV supply constraints, data on comparability of immunogenicity and safety will be important to optimally utilize available supplies from different manufacturers. Methods: In this multicenter phase IV study, 900 Latin American infants randomly assigned to six study groups received three doses of bOPV at 6, 10 and 14 weeks and either one IPV dose at 14 weeks (groups SP-1, GSK-1 and BBio-1) or two IPV doses at 14 and 36 weeks (groups SP-2, GSK-2 and BBio-2) from three different manufacturers. Children were challenged with mOPV2 at either 18 (one IPV dose) or 40 weeks (two IPV doses) and stools were collected weekly for 4 weeks to assess viral shedding. Serum neutralizing antibodies were measured at various time points pre and post vaccination. Serious adverse events and important medical events (SAE and IME) were monitored for 6 months after last study vaccine. Results: At week 18, 4 weeks after one dose of IPV, overall type 2 seroconversion rates were 80.4%, 80.4% and 73.3% for SP-1, GSK-1 and BBio-1 groups, respectively;and 92.6%, 96.8% and 88.0% in those who were seronegative before IPV administration. At 40 weeks, 4 weeks after a second IPV dose, type 2 seroconversion rates were >= 99% for any of the three manufacturers. There were no significant differences in fecal shedding index endpoint (SIE) after pne or two IPV doses (SP: 2.3 [95% CI: 2.1-2.6]);GSK: 2.2 [1.7-2.5];BBio 1.8 [1.5-2.3]. All vaccines appeared safe, with no vaccine-related SAE or IME. Conclusion: Current WHO prequalified IPV vaccines are safe and induce similar humoral and intestinal immunity after one or two doses. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： VDPVs   Highly divergent   Reversion mutations   China  

摘要： In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a highly evolved type 3 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) strain designated as WIV14, isolated in 2014 from a 4-year-old child suspected of having an enteroviral infection in China. Complete genome sequence of WIV14 revealed multiple nucleotide substitutions when compared with the attenuated poliovirus (PV) Sabin 3, including the reversion of three major attenuation sites to wild type. From the nucleotide divergence for the P1/capsid region, we estimated that the evolution time of WIV14 was more than 7 years, indicating the possible long time of replication. WIV14 strain seemed to have differences in biological characteristics compared with attenuated PV strains, such as being non-temperature sensitive and producing large plaques. The current isolation of a highly divergent type 3 VDPV gives an idea of the risk of emergent VDPV strains, and emphasizes the importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage and herd immunity against PVs in China.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   肠道病毒   分离   伊朗   病例   麻痹   弛缓   急性  

摘要： Dear Editor,Acute flaccid paralysis(AFP)is a complex syndrome often caused by *** most countries have eradicated wild polioviruses by vaccination,AFP still remains a health problem in these *** studies have highlighted non-polio enteroviruses(NPEVs)

关键词： 注射质量   喷射器   低剂量   疫苗   免疫原性   皮内注射   灰质   脊髓  

摘要： 世界卫生组织建议,在2015年年底前在所有仅使用口服脊灰疫苗（OPV）的国家,应将1剂灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗（IPV）用作脊髓灰质炎终结策略的一部分。将疫苗的低剂量用无针喷射器皮内投递给接种者（全剂量的1/5）,可降低成本。但常规卡介苗（BCG）针头注射耗费时间,并且在技术上具有挑战性。作者在本项研究中对用卡介苗注射技术和三种无针喷射器进行接种的质量作了比较,并评估了生物工艺学的特点。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   实验室获得感染   免疫因素  

摘要： 目的 调查中国省级脊髓灰质炎网络实验室人员免疫接种状况，分析其影响因素，为国家制定脊髓灰质炎网络实验室从业人员相关免疫策略提供参考。方法 2016年10－12月选取全国省级CDC脊髓灰质炎网络实验室全部从业人员为调查对象，采用问卷调查方式，收集该人群免疫接种状况，并利用SAS软件及趋势χ2检验和确切概率法进行免疫影响因素的统计学分析，以P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 共调查77人，其中完成脊髓灰质炎基础免疫60人，17人（22%）基础免疫情况不详。从事脊髓灰质炎病毒工作后明确接种疫苗者为66人（86%），接种信息记录不完整者为11人（14%）。影响免疫接种因素包括年龄（χ2=2.48，P〈0.05）、职称（χ2=2.51，P〈0.05）、工作时间（确切概率法计算：P〈0.000 1）、学历（χ2=0.74，P=0.46）、性别（χ2=0.46，P=0.50）。结论 目前我国省级脊髓灰质炎网络实验室人员免疫接种情况较好，其中完成≥3剂次者占41%，且接种信息记录完整，应加强新入职实验室人员免疫接种。

关键词： ELISA   Environmental surveillance   Non-Sabin like   Poliovirus   Real-time RT-PCR   Sabin like  

摘要： Environmental surveillance of polioviruses has been used as an important tool in monitoring circulation of wild polioviruses and/or Vaccine derived polioviruses in sewage samples. It is important to distinguish Sabin like isolates from non-Sabin like;ELISA & dual stage real time RT-PCR have been used for the same. Current study was carried out on sewage isolates to compare ELISA & RT-PCR with sequencing to distinguish Sabin like from non-Sabin like. Out of 468 sewage specimens, 91 (19.44%) were non-polio enteroviruses positive and 377 (80.56%) were polio positive by virus isolation method. A total of 488 polio virus isolates were detected by L20B and RD route which were further subjected to ELISA and RT-PCR. The results were compared with sequencing. On comparison, the specificity of ELISA was only 66.67% in spite of very low sensitivity (3.43%). The sensitivity of RT-PCR was 97.71% which makes it a good primary screening test for detection of non-Sabin like viruses. However, the specificity was only 33.33%. RT-PCR appears to be a sensitive tool for detecting non-Sabin like viruses however;the isolates which are non-Sabin like by RT-PCR may not necessarily be mutated viruses. ELISA cannot be used for differentiation of Sabin likes from non-Sabin likes due to low sensitivity. © 2017, Indian Virological Society.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   检测方法   研究进展  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒(Poliovirus,PV)检测的主要目的是用于确定个体PV感染状况及提供急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute flaccid paralysis,AFP)病例的实验室诊断依据。PV检测方法主要有病毒分离法、血清中和试验(Neutralization test,NT)、型内鉴定方法 (Intratypic differentiation,ITD)和序列测定分析等。病毒分离法是使用人横纹肌肉瘤(Human rhabdomyosarcoma,RD)细胞和表达人类脊灰病毒受体的小鼠肺细胞系(Mouse cell line expressing the gene for the human cellular receptor for poliovirus,L20B)培养PV并进行分离;NT是用标准抗血清对标本中分离到的病毒株进行中和,从而判断PV的血清型;ITD是用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法鉴定PV的血清型和基因型;序列测定分析方法是通过软件对PV的测序结果进行分析,了解其基因突变及流行、进化情况。本文分别从各种方法的背景、原理、类型、技术优点、实验条件和主要影响因素、应用前景以及存在的不足等方面进行综述和比较分析。检测方法的研究对脊灰的诊断和防控具有重要意义。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关株病毒   病毒变异  

摘要： 目的了解福建省II型脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗相关株病毒(VAPV2)变异特征,为证实阻断VAPV2传播提供依据。方法采用RT-PCR扩增VAPV的VP1全长和部分3D区基因序列,统计分析病毒核苷酸(nt)和氨基酸(aa)变异情况。结果 2000-2015年福建省从5 497份粪便标本中分离到219株脊灰病毒,1株为疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(VDPV),218株为VAPV,其中VAPV2占37.16%。与Sabin2株相比,47株VAPV2中VP1变异位点>5个2株(4.26%),≤2个36株(76.60%);共涉及45个位点,其中nt2909为突变热点,导致VP1的aa143位点从非极性疏水性转换成极性亲水性。13株VAPV在3D区出现重组。结论福建省大部分VAPV2变异少,VP1的aa143位点为突变热点。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   实验室获得感染   免疫意愿  

摘要： 目的调查中国大陆脊髓灰质炎网络实验室人员接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗免疫意愿,并进行相关分析,为制定脊髓灰质炎网络实验室人员免疫策略提供参考。方法 2016年10~12月选取全国32个省级疾病预防控制中心脊髓灰质炎网络实验室的全部人员为调查对象,采用问卷调查的方式,收集该人群接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗意愿与原因数据。结果本次参与调查人数为77人,愿意接种疫苗共有75人(97.40%);选择接种脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(inactivated poliovirus vaccine,IPV)50人(66.67%),选择接种脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(oral polio vaccine,OPV)25人(33.33%);愿意在脊髓灰质炎病毒中和抗体水平低和入职前时间接种人数居多;对疫苗接种有顾虑的13人中,11人(84.62%)担心疫苗引起的不良反应。以年龄、职称、学历、性别、工作时间为影响因素对免疫意愿进行分析显示,年龄差异有统计学意义(χ~2=1.78,P<0.05)。除2人在明确知道脊髓灰质炎中和抗体水平较高情况下不愿意接种外,其他人员均表示愿意接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗。结论接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗种类以灭活疫苗为优先选择,宜在脊髓灰质炎病毒中和抗体水平较低和入职前接种。我国脊髓灰质炎网络实验室人员脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗免疫意愿较高,具备了提出和制定相应免疫策略的良好工作基础。

关键词： 甲醛   Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   病毒灭活   灭活动力学  

摘要： 目的观察4种甲醛对脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Sabin株的灭活效果。方法用4种甲醛(终浓度为92.5μg/mL)对3批脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Sabin株进行灭活,微量滴定法测定病毒感染性滴度进行病毒灭活验证实验,绘制灭活动力曲线;酶联免疫吸附测定法检测灭活病毒液D抗原含量。结果 4种甲醛对3批脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Sabin株灭活后,病毒感染性滴度均成下降趋势。在37°C灭活1 d滴度直线下降1 000 CCID50/mL以上,灭活到第4天均检测不到病毒;灭活后的病毒液D抗原含量回收率均大于80%,且4种甲醛对3批脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活后抗原影响无差异(P>0.05)。结论 4种甲醛对脊髓灰质炎病毒Sabin株样品灭活彻底,对脊髓灰质炎病毒Sabin株的D抗原破坏小,能较好地保持疫苗的有效成分,为甲醛质量控制及供应商筛选提供依据。