关键词： inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)   nonspecific effects of vaccines   oral polio vaccine (OPV)  

摘要： The article focuses on a study regarding randomized controlled trial (RCT) in Bangladesh to examine the potential nonspecific effects of oral polio vaccine (OPV) compared with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) on diarrheal burden and etiology. It mentions that OPV provides nonspecific immunity to other infections. It also mentions that vaccines have specific disease-protective effect.

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   实时荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应   微量中和实验  

摘要： 目的对实时荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(rRT-PCR)法和微量中和实验2种脊灰病毒的血清型鉴定方法进行评价。方法按世界卫生组织(WHO)《脊髓灰质炎实验室手册》第4版进行病毒分离,用rRT-PCR法和微量中和实验方法对分离到的L20B阳性分离物进行PV的血清型鉴定,用rRT-PCR法进行型内鉴定。结果 rRT-PCR法与微量中和实验对L20B阳性分离物进行脊灰病毒的血清型定型,2种方法检测脊灰病毒阳性率差异无统计学意义,检测NPEV阳性率差异也无统计学意义;rRT-PCR方法检测脊灰病毒的灵敏度为100%,特异度为100%;检测NPEV的灵敏度为63.16%,特异度为100%。结论作为WHO推荐使用的新的型内鉴定方法,rRT-PCR法对于脊灰病毒的血清型定型与常规微量中和实验一致率为100%,该方法方便快捷,可以缩短检测时限;对于NPEV的检测特异度较高,但灵敏度低于微量中和实验。

关键词： OPV   vaccines   enteropathogens   diarrhea   cross-protection  

摘要： Background. As the global polio eradication initiative prepares to cease use of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in 2020, there is increasing interest in understanding if oral vaccination provides non-specific immunity to other infections so that the consequences of this transition can be effectively planned for and mitigated. Methods. Data were collected from infants in an urban slum in Bangladesh (Mirpur, Dhaka) as part of the performance of rotavirus and oral polio vaccines in developing countries (PROVIDE) study. Following vaccination with trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, infants were randomly assigned to receive tOPV (n = 315) or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) (n = 299) at 39 weeks. Episodes of diarrhea were documented through clinic visits and twice-weekly house visits through 52 weeks. In sum, 14 pathogens associated with diarrhea were analyzed with TaqMan Array Cards. Results. Although the proportion of children experiencing diarrhea was not different between the tOPV and IPV groups (P = .18), the number of days with diarrhea (P = .0037) and the number of separate diarrheal episodes (P = .054) trended lower in the OPV arm. Etiological analysis revealed that male tOPV recipients were less likely to have diarrhea of bacterial etiology (P = .0099) compared to male IPV recipients but equally likely to experience diarrhea due to viruses (P = .57) or protozoa (P = .14). Among the 6 bacterial enteric pathogens tested, only Campylobacter jejuni/coli detection was significantly reduced in the OPV arm (P = .0048). Conclusions. Our results suggest that OPV may cause nonspecific reductions in mortality, as has been studied elsewhere, by reducing etiology-specific diarrheal burden. This is likely driven by reductions in bacterial diarrhea. Further study of nonspecific OPV effects before global cessation is supported.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   口服疫苗   毒力   减毒   Cen   机制   研究人员   麻痹症  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎（poHo，也称作小儿麻痹症）几乎被根除了。目前，大多数脊髓灰质炎爆发风险并不是来自于野外的脊髓灰质炎病毒（poliovirus），而是来自于由减毒脊髓灰质炎病毒组成的口服疫苗。这些病毒积累突变，从而允许它们在未充分接种的人群中传播。重新获得毒力，甚至导致疾病爆发。目前。根据一项新的研究，研究人员绘制出脊髓灰质炎病毒发生的一系列突变，

关键词： 预防接种   三价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   外周神经损害   偶合症  

摘要： 1基本情况患儿,男,汉族,2016年1月9日出生,散居儿童;无食物、药物过敏史,无家族性传染及遗传病史;在本次口服脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）减毒活疫苗（OPV）前,精神尚可,发育正常,营养中等,大小便正常,已按免疫程序完成了卡介苗和第1、2 剂乙型肝炎疫苗的接种,未出现疑似预防接种异常反应（AEFI）。2 发病和临床经过2016年3月28日10时左右,患儿在某村卫生所口服一粒OPV,约半小时后离开卫生所回家;4月16日.

关键词： Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   安全性   主动监测   被动监测  

摘要： 目的评价国产Sabin株脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)灭活疫苗(Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine,IPV)接种后的安全性,为中国脊灰疫苗免疫策略的调整提供依据。方法采用主动监测方法于2015年9月-2016年2月收集宁夏回族自治区同心县所有适龄儿童接种国产Sabin株IPV和三价脊灰减毒活疫苗(t OPV)后的不良反应,采取被动监测方法通过中国免疫规划信息管理系统收集2008-2016年宁夏全区国产Sabin株IPV、t OPV及其他免疫规划(EPI)疫苗的不良反应数据,比较分析不良反应发生率。结果主动监测显示接种国产IPV、t OPV后的一般反应发生率分别为2 464.33/10万剂、64.92/10万剂。被动监测显示,接种国产IPV的一般反应、异常反应发生率分别为51.68/10万剂、1.67/10万剂;接种t OPV后的一般反应、异常反应发生率分别为1.73/10万剂、0.22/10万剂。与其他EPI疫苗相比,国产IPV一般反应发生率最高,但其异常反应发生率低于麻疹减毒活疫苗、白喉破伤风联合疫苗、麻腮风联合减毒活疫苗、麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗和卡介苗,且无严重异常反应发生。结论接种国产Sabin株IPV安全性良好;主动监测的灵敏性高于被动监测。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   疑似预防接种异常反应  

摘要： 目的比较Salk株脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)灭活疫苗(IPV)、Sabin株IPV、三价口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(t OPV)、二价脊灰减毒活疫苗(b OPV)疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)发生率,初步评价疫苗安全性。方法通过中国和吉林省免疫规划信息管理系统收集吉林省2016年4种脊灰疫苗AEFI个案和接种剂次数,计算AEFI报告发生率。结果吉林省IPV(Salk)、IPV(Sabin)、t OPV和b OPV AEFI发生率分别为162.80/10万、168.91/10万、44.06/10万和39.85/10万。IPV(Salk)和IPV(Sabin)、t OPV和b OPV的AEFI发生率均无显著性差异;IPV(Salk)和t OPV(χ~2=22.99,P<0.05)、IPV(Salk)和b OPV(χ~2=31.55,P<0.05)、IPV(Sabin)和t OPV(χ~2=93.11,P<0.05)、IPV(Sabin)和b OPV(χ~2=228.30,P<0.05)AEFI发生率均有显著性差异。结论 4种脊灰疫苗总体安全性好;IPV(Salk)和IPV(Sabin)AEFI发生率高于b OPV和t OPV,进口IPV(Salk)和国产IPV(Sabin)安全性一致。

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   残留麻痹   Logistic回归  

摘要： 目的了解浙江省湖州市<15岁儿童急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例流行病学特征,为制定防控策略提供参考依据。方法对湖州市2004 2016年AFP病例进行描述流行病学分析,对残留麻痹影响因素进行单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归。结果 2004 2016年湖州市共报告<15岁AFP病例128例,主要为散发。年平均发病率为2.32/10万。发病高峰多出现于每年1月、3月和8 10月,0~4岁组发病率较高,男性发病率高于女性,男女性别比为2.2∶1。肠道病毒分离率为7.81%。10.16%的AFP病例在麻痹60 d后仍残留麻痹。多因素分析显示<1岁发病、深部腱反射异常是AFP残留麻痹病例发生的危险因素。结论提高儿童脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种率、加强临床医生培训、教育儿童养成良好卫生习惯、尽早对重症患者开展对症治疗,是降低儿童AFP病例致残率的有效措施。

关键词： POLYMERASE chain reaction   ORAL poliomyelitis vaccine   POLIOVIRUS   SEROTYPES   POLIO vaccination  

摘要： Spontaneous reversion to neurovirulence of live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) serotype 3 (chiefly involving the n.472U > C mutation), must be monitored during production to ensure vaccine safety and consistency. Mutant analysis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme cleavage (MAPREC) has long been endorsed by the World Health Organization as the preferred in vitro test for this purpose;however, it requires radiolabeling, which is no longer supported by many laboratories. We evaluated the performance and suitability of next generation sequencing (NGS) as an alternative to MAPREC. The linearity of NGS was demonstrated at revertant concentrations equivalent to the study range of 0.25%-1.5%. NGS repeatability and intermediate precision were comparable across all tested samples, and NGS was highly reproducible, irrespective of sequencing platform or analysis software used. NGS was performed on OPV serotype 3 working seed lots and monovalent bulks (n = 21) that were previously tested using MAPREC, and which covered the representative range of vaccine production. Percentages of 472-C revertants identified by NGS and MAPREC were comparable and highly correlated (r >= 0.80), with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.95585 (p < 0.0001). NGS demonstrated statistically equivalent performance to that of MAPREC for quantifying low-frequency OPV serotype 3 revertants, and offers a valid alternative to MAPREC.

关键词： cell culture   poliovirus   shedding  

摘要： Although, culture is considered the gold standard for poliovirus detection from stool samples, real-time PCR has emerged as a faster and more sensitive alternative. Detection of poliovirus from the stool of recently vaccinated children by culture, single and multiplex real-time PCR was compared. Of the 80 samples tested, 55 (68.75%) were positive by culture compared to 61 (76.25%) and 60 (75%) samples by the single and one step multiplex real-time PCR assays respectively. Real-time PCR (singleplex and multiplex) is more sensitive than culture for poliovirus detection in stool, although the difference was not statistically significant.