关键词： COMPARATIVE studies   ENTEROVIRUSES   IMMUNIZATION   RESEARCH methodology   MEDICAL cooperation   POLIO   POLIOMYELITIS vaccine   RESEARCH   EVALUATION research  

关键词： Poliovirus   Picornavirus   Pvr   CD155   Cell entry   Receptor   Nectin  

摘要： Amino acid changes in the C'C"D region in poliovirus receptor domain 1 disrupt poliovirus binding. To examine further the role of the C'C"D region in poliovirus infection, we substituted this region of Pvr into the corresponding region of a murine homolog, nectin-2. The chimeric receptor, nectin-2(Pvr(c'c"d)), rendered transformed L cells susceptible to infection with poliovirus P1/Mahoney, but not with polioviruses P2/Lansing and P3/Leon, due to lack of binding. Twenty-four variants of P2/Lansing were selected that replicate in nectin-2(Pvr(c'c"d))producing cell lines. Sequence analysis revealed 30 amino acid changes at 28 capsid residues. One change, K1103R, is found in nearly all isolates and is located at one end of the VP1 BC loop. Other alterations are located on the canyon surface, at the protomer interface, and along the perimeter of the canyon south wall. Unlike poliovirus-Pvr binding, the VP1 BC loop is required for infection of cells producing nectin-2(Pvr(c'c"d)).

关键词： Poliovirus   Polio viral protein 1 (VP1)   Bioencapsulated plant cells   Oral delivery  

摘要： Oral polio vaccine (OPV) and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) have distinct advantages and limitations. IPV does not provide mucosal immunity and introduction of IPV to mitigate consequences of circulating vaccine-derived polio virus from OPV has very limited effect on transmission and OPV campaigns are essential for interrupting wild polio virus transmission, even in developed countries with a high coverage of IPV and protected sewer systems. The problem is magnified in many countries with limited resources. Requirement of refrigeration for storage and transportation for both IPV and OPV is also a major challenge in developing countries. Therefore, we present here long-term studies on comparison of a plant-based booster vaccine, which is free of virus and cold chain with IPV boosters and provide data on mucosal and systemic immunity and protection conferred by neutralizing antibodies. Mice were primed subcutaneously with IPV and boosted orally with lyophilized plant cells containing 1 mu g or 25 mu g polio viral protein 1 (VP1), once a month for three months or a single booster one year after the first prime. Our results show that VP1-IgG1 titers in single or double dose IPV dropped to background levels after one year of immunization. This decrease correlated with >50% reduction in seropositivity in double dose and <10% seropositivity in single dose IPV against serotype 1. Single dose IPV offered no or minimal protection against serotype 1 and 2 but conferred protection against serotype 3. VP1-IgA titers were negligible in IPV single or double dose vaccinated mice. VP1 antigen with two plant-derived adjuvants induced significantly high level and long lasting VP1-IgG1, IgA and neutralizing antibody titers (average 4.3-6.8 log2 titers). Plant boosters with VP1 and plant derived adjuvants maintained the same level titers from 29 to 400 days and conferred the same level of protection against all three serotypes throughout the duration of this study. Even during period,

关键词： Poliovirus   GSM   SIM   Tracking   Mapping   Immunization  

摘要： Despite multiple rounds of immunization campaigns, it has not been possible to achieve optimum immunization coverage for poliovirus in Pakistan. Supplementary activities to improve coverage of immunization, such as door-to-door campaigns are constrained by several factors including inaccurate hand-drawn maps and a lack of means to objectively monitor field teams in real time, resulting in suboptimal vaccine coverage during campaigns. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) - based tracking of mobile subscriber identity modules (SIMs) of vaccinators provides a low-cost solution to identify missed areas and ensure effective immunization coverage. We conducted a pilot study to investigate the feasibility of using GSM technology to track vaccinators through observing indicators including acceptability, ease of implementation, costs and scalability as well as the likelihood of ownership by District Health Officials. The real-time location of the field teams was displayed on a GSM tracking web dashboard accessible by supervisors and managers for effective monitoring of workforce attendance including 'time in-time out', and discerning if all target areas - specifically remote and high-risk locations - had been reached. Direct access to this information by supervisors eliminated the possibility of data fudging and inaccurate reporting by workers regarding their mobility. The tracking cost per vaccinator was USD 0.26/month. Our study shows that GSM-based tracking is potentially a cost-efficient approach, results in better monitoring and accountability, is scalable and provides the potential for improved geographic coverage of health services. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   污水   边境贸易点  

摘要： 目的了解中越边境污水中脊髓灰质炎病毒的检出及型别分布,为防止脊灰输入提供防控参考策略。方法2015年选取凭祥市浦寨边贸点和弄怀边贸点两个监测点,采集48份污水,使用阴离子膜吸附法对污水中的病毒进行过滤浓缩,参照WHO《脊髓灰质炎实验室手册》操作程序对污水标本进行病毒分离,对分离到的PV阳性株进行型内鉴定及VP1编码区序列测定及种系进化分析。结果 48份污水中有15份污水分离出PV,阳性分离率31.25%。其中7株Ⅰ型PV,11株Ⅱ型PV,48株Ⅲ型PV,3株混合型PV(Ⅰ型+Ⅲ型),共计分离出69株PV;经VP1区的核酸序列测定分析,均为疫苗相似株,未发现野生型脊灰病毒(WPV)和疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(VDPV)。结论 2015年凭祥市边境贸易点外环境污水监测中未发现野生型脊灰病毒和疫苗衍生脊灰病毒。

关键词： polio   inactivated poliovirus vaccine   intradermal  

摘要： The immunogenicity of fractional (one-fifth, 0.1 mL) intradermal doses of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ID fIPV) is positively correlated with the size of the intradermal fluid bleb. Training of vaccinators for campaign and routine ID fIPV administration should focus on generating an 8- to 10-mm bleb with each injection.

摘要： The experiences and lessons learned by the members of Uganda's National Validation Switch Committee nominated by the Ministry of Health for the removal of type 2 polio vaccine are discussed. The experiences and lessons will be used in future immunization processes that will require switching from one vaccine formulation to another such as from measles monovalent to any measles combination vaccine, from tetanus toxoid vaccine to tetanus diphtheria vaccine. These lessons include independence and expertise mix of the National Switch Validation Committee, well-coordinated stakeholders are prime to success, and adapted global guidelines to local context.

关键词： 5'-UTR   detection of active replication   enteroviruses   negative RNA strand detection   stem loop RT-PCR  

摘要： In this report a strand specific RT-PCR was established for the detection of the replicative negative RNA strand of poliovirus sabin 1 (Sabin1) and Echovirus 19 (E19) strains. The key for the successful conduction of the assay was the use of a specific reverse transcription primer targeting the 5-UTR of enteroviruses that consisted of a stem-loop structure at the 5-end and an enteroviral-specific sequence at the 3-end. The stem loop RT-PCR was found to be an accurate and sensitive method, detecting even 10(-2) CCID50 of poliovirus sabin 1 (Sabin1) and E19 strains 6h postinfection (p.i.), while CPE appeared 3days later. This assay was also validated in SiHa and Caski cell lines that are not used for the detection of enteroviruses. The negative RNA strand was detected 6h and 12h p.i. in SiHa and Caski cells, when these cell lines were inoculated with 10(5) and 1 CCID50 respectively, whereas CPE was observed 5days p.i for SiHa cells and 8days p.i for Caski cells and that only at 10(5) CCID50. The results show that this approach may be used for replacing the time-consuming cell cultures in order to detect the active replication of enteroviruses. Significance and Impact of the StudyEnteroviruses are positive stranded RNA viruses that may cause severe diseases. The conventional method for detection of active viral replication involves virus isolation in sensitive cell cultures followed by titration and seroneutralization. In this report, we describe the use of a stem-loop secondary structured oligonucleotide in RT-PCR assay for the detection of the replicative negative strand of the positive-stranded RNA of poliovirus sabin 1 and E19 strains. This approach proved to be a useful tool that may be used for replacing the time-consuming cell culture assays in order to detect the active replication of enteroviruses.

关键词： disease control   genetic variability   evolution   poliovirus   virus classification   vaccines/vaccine strains  

摘要： The WHO Regional Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication has recently indicated Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) as a high risk country for transmission, following importation, of wild poliovirus (WPV) or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). We analyzed data on Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance between 2007 to 2016, and the trend of polio immunization coverage in B&H. The majority of AFP cases was recorded in 2016 suggesting an enhancement of the AFP surveillance activities. However, the decline in the immunization coverage, around 74%, and the isolation of two Sabin-like poliovirus type 2 strains, one of them close to a VDPV, require a particular attention in the area. Although B&H has successfully maintained its polio-free status since 2002 several challenges need to be addressed.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   甲肝病毒   肠道病毒71型   抗原   国际标准品  

摘要： 近年来，手足口病（hand，foot and mouth disease，HFMD）已成为我国主要的公共健康问题，研发疫苗是控制HFMD的有效措施。目前我国3家企业完成肠道病毒71（enterovirus 71，EV71）灭活疫苗Ⅲ期临床试验，