关键词： 脊灰疫苗高变异株病毒   流行病学调查  

摘要： 目的阐述大连市1例脊髓灰质炎疫苗高变异株病例的流行病学调查与分析。方法按照相关要求,对疫情开展病例个案调查、病毒传播风险评估、应急处置等相关工作,由省级AEFI调查诊断专家组对病例进行诊断。结果 2016年,大连市发现1例口服第1剂二价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗后高变异株病例,国家脊灰实验室对病例所分离到的脊灰病毒进行核苷酸序列测定时发现,与Sabin株相比变异数为7。结论该病例诊断为疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病例,按照相关要求采取措施,有效地控制了疫情的扩大和蔓延。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   免疫程序转换   知晓率   影响因素  

摘要： 目的了解吉林省儿童监护人对脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗免疫程序转换的知晓率及其影响因素。方法通过吉林省免疫规划信息管理系统、采用单纯随机抽样方法抽取0-8月龄儿童的监护人,开展脊灰疫苗免疫程序转换知晓率及其影响因素电话调查,采用描述性方法分析。结果在455名有效调查的儿童监护人中,98.68%知道三价脊灰减毒活疫苗(t OPV),92.75%知道t OPV可预防脊灰,51.87%不知道除t OPV外的其他脊灰疫苗,2.64%知道国家对脊灰疫苗有调整,85.05%不知道脊灰疫苗的调整方式;98.68%在没有第一类脊灰疫苗时会选择听从医生安排;98.90%通过接种点医生获取疫苗接种信息。城市、文化程度高、父亲/母亲监护人的脊灰疫苗免疫程序转换知晓率分别高于农村、文化程度低、祖/外祖父母监护人。结论儿童监护人对脊灰疫苗免疫程序转换的知晓率低,应加强农村、文化程度低和老年监护人的相关知识宣传。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   环境监测   污水   肠道病毒  

摘要： 目的通过对2013-2015年黑龙江省多地环境污水的持续监测,分析脊灰病毒在外环境中的流行变化趋势,对疫苗衍生株及野病毒的流行做出预警。方法选择哈尔滨市污水厂、双城市污水厂作为长期固定监测点,另选定多处季节监测点,每月在污水厂入水口(未经过处理)采集1L污水作为样本。浓缩后在L20B、RD、HEp-2等三种细胞上培养,鉴定Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型脊灰病毒或非脊灰肠道病毒。结果共采集污水样本94份,其中检测到脊灰病毒的污水有51份,阳性率为54.3%。分离出脊灰病毒208株,其中Ⅰ型22株,Ⅱ型95株,Ⅲ型87株,混合型4株;疫苗高变异株共18株,Ⅱ型脊灰疫苗衍生株1株;非脊灰肠道病毒分离到243株。结论脊灰病毒在复制过程中易发生重组和变异,减毒位点的突变可能引起病毒毒力回升。环境监测可以提早发现脊灰病毒的变化趋势,持续的外环境监测可以对疾病暴发做出预警。

关键词： Non-enterovirus   Non-polio enterovirus   Poliovirus   RT-PCR  

摘要： With the eradication of poliovirus, the focus has now shifted to environmental surveillance of poliovirus to determine the circulating polioviruses in an area. L20B and RD cell lines are used for isolation of polioviruses. It is imperative to study the efficacy of these cell line in isolating polioviruses from environmental samples. The present study was carried out to determine the sensitivity and specificity of L20B cell line for isolation of polioviruses from environmental samples. L20B and RD cell lines are used for isolation of polioviruses. Molecular characterization was done by using real time RT-PCR. A total of 432 sewage samples from Delhi and Punjab were processed for the isolation of polioviruses during Jan–Dec 2015. 96.76% of the samples were positive in either of the cell lines. Non-polio enteroviruses were obtained in 50 samples on primary isolation. On RT-PCR, 347 (94.29%) samples yielded polioviruses and the rest (21) non-polio enteroviruses or non-enteroviruses. A total of 703 isolates were obtained. 635 isolates were found polioviruses by PCR (90.33%), 20 isolates were found to be NPEV (2.84%) and 48 (6.83%) were found to be NEV. Out of the 20 NPEV isolates, 14 were from RLR (RD-L20B-RD) route and six isolates were from LR (L20B-RD) route. All 48 NEV isolates were from LR route. Thus L20B cell line is more sensitive as compared to RD cell line for isolation of polioviruses however it is not absolutely specific for polioviruses. © 2017, Indian Virological Society.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   免疫策略   卫生经济学评价  

摘要： 目的评价浙江省2016年实施脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗免疫新策略后的成本效益。方法以浙江省2016年人口为基数,以不接种策略为参照,采用成本效果比(CER)、效益成本比(BCR)和净收益(NB)等指标比较脊灰疫苗免疫新策略和原策略的成本效益,并通过调整疾病成本、疫苗价格、贴现率和接种成本进行敏感性分析。结果脊灰疫苗免疫新策略的CER发病为1∶5.27(例/万元),CER死亡为1∶181.37(例/万元),BCR为12.26,NB为79 666.22万元;原策略的CER发病为1∶3.29(例/万元),CER死亡为1∶113.39(例/万元),BCR为19.58,NB为82 317.53万元。敏感性分析结果显示,原策略和新策略的卫生经济学评价效果一致,BCR变化幅度≤25%;疾病负担变化引起的BCR变化最大,疾病负担(80%~120%)调整后,原策略BCR变化在15.66~23.50之间,新策略BCR变化在9.81~14.71之间。结论实施脊灰疫苗免疫新策略是现阶段全球消灭脊灰的客观要求,新策略的成本效益略低于原策略,但仍具有较好的卫生经济学意义。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   二价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   基础免疫   疫苗效果   疫苗效价  

摘要： 目的了解二价脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)减毒活疫苗(b OPV)引入前后北京市2014年和2016年不同基础免疫程序免疫效果和疫苗效价。方法 2014年和2016年脊灰疫苗基础免疫程序分别为3剂三价脊灰减毒活疫苗(t OPV)全程免疫和1剂脊灰灭活疫苗(IPV)与2剂二价脊灰减毒活疫苗(b OPV)序贯免疫,分别在北京市两个区选择完成基础免疫后4-8周的婴儿,采集血标本以检测脊灰病毒中和抗体,同时采集不同疫苗储运环节的疫苗标本以检测疫苗效价。结果 2014年和2016年分别调查儿童72人和68人。2014年基础免疫后Ⅰ、Ⅲ型脊灰病毒中和抗体阳性率分别为98.61%和100%,抗体滴度(1∶)[中位数(四分位数间距)]分别为1 536(1 024-1 536)、1 536(512-1 536);2016年基础免疫后Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型脊灰病毒中和抗体阳性率均为100%,抗体滴度(1∶)分别为1 024(512-1 536)、1 536(1 024-1 536)。2014年和2016年Ⅰ、Ⅲ型脊灰病毒中和抗体分布均有显著性差异(Ⅰ型:χ2=8.77,P=0.038;Ⅲ型:χ2=16.76,P=0.001)。2014年t OPV的平均效价为6.1±0.1Lg CCID50/剂,2016年b OPV的平均效价为6.9±0.2Lg CCID50/剂(t=-7.76,P<0.001)。结论新疫苗b OPV引入后,IPV-b OPV序贯免疫程序的基础免疫效果与引入前的t OPV全程和IPV-t OPV序贯免疫程序效果一样好;疫苗储运各环节疫苗效价均合格,冷链运转良好。

关键词： ViroCap filters   Environmental surveillance   Poliovirus   Filtration   Virus recovery   Preservatives  

摘要： Environmental surveillance of poliovirus (PV) and other non-enveloped viruses can help identify silent circulation and is necessary to certify eradication. The bag-mediated filtration system is an efficient method to filter large volumes of environmental waters at field sites for monitoring the presence of viruses. As filters may require long transit times to off-site laboratories for processing, viral inactivation or overgrowth of bacteria and fungi can interfere with virus detection and quantification (Miki and Jacquet in Aquatic Microb Ecol 51(2):195-208, 2008). To evaluate virus survival over time on ViroCap((TM)) filters, the filters were seeded with PV type 1 (PV1) and/or MS2 and then dosed with preservatives or antibiotics prior to storage and elution. These filters were stored at various temperatures and time periods, and then eluted for PV1 and MS2 recovery quantification. Filters dosed with the preservative combination of 2% sodium benzoate and 0.2% calcium propionate had increased virus survival over time when stored at 25 A degrees C, compared to samples stored at 25 A degrees C with no preservatives. While elution within 24 h of filtration is recommended, if storage or shipping is required then this preservative mixture can help preserve sample integrity. Addition of an antibiotic cocktail containing cephapirin, gentamicin, and Proclin((TM)) 300 increased recovery after storage at 4 and 25 A degrees C, when compared to storage with no antibiotics. The antibiotic cocktail can aid sample preservation if access to appropriate antibiotics storage is available and sample cold chain is unreliable. This study demonstrated that the use of preservatives or antibiotics is a simple, cost-effective method to improve virus detection from ViroCap cartridge filters over time.

关键词： Polio   Eradication   Risk management   Environmental surveillance   Acute flaccid paralysis  

摘要： Poliovirus surveillance plays a critical role in achieving and certifying eradication and will play a key role in the polio endgame. Environmental surveillance can provide an opportunity to detect circulating polioviruses prior to the observation of any acute flaccid paralysis cases. We completed a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications on environmental surveillance for polio including the search terms "environmental surveillance" or "sewage," and "polio," "poliovirus," or "poliomyelitis," and compared characteristics of the resulting studies. The review included 146 studies representing 101 environmental surveillance activities from 48 countries published between 1975 and 2016. Studies reported taking samples from sewage treatment facilities, surface waters, and various other environmental sources, although they generally did not present sufficient details to thoroughly evaluate the sewage systems and catchment areas. When reported, catchment areas varied from 50 to over 7.3 million people (median of 500,000 for the 25% of activities that reported catchment areas, notably with 60% of the studies not reporting this information and 16% reporting insufficient information to estimate the catchment area population size). While numerous studies reported the ability of environmental surveillance to detect polioviruses in the absence of clinical cases, the review revealed very limited information about the costs and limited information to support quantitative population effectiveness of conducting environmental surveillance. This review motivates future studies to better characterize poliovirus environmental surveillance systems and the potential value of information that they may provide in the polio endgame.

关键词： neutralizing antibodies   poliovirus   pseudovirus-based neutralization assay  

摘要： With the promotion of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) and live attenuated oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV), the global reported cases of poliomyelitis have reduced sharply from 0.35 million in 1988 to 74 in 2015. The Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan published by WHO in 2013 included the strategy of implementation of poliovirus safe handling and containment measures to minimize the risks of facility-associated reintroduction of virus into the polio-free community to prevent the re-import of poliovirus. Toward this strategy, we produced replication-incompetent pseudovirus of poliovirus type 1, 2, 3 attenuated strains by constructing poliovirus capsid expression vectors and poliovirus replicon then transfecting HEK293T cells and developed a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay (pNA) to determine neutralizing antibody titer which is more secure, time-saving and reliable than conventional neutralization assay (cNA). By using anti-poliovirus rat serum, we demonstrated excellent correlation between neutralizing antibody titers measured by cNA and pNA. It was concluded that pNA can be a potential alternative to replace cNA as a safe and time-saving system for titer determination after live poliovirus's safekeeping.

关键词： GLIOMAS   IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY  

摘要： Context.-The oncolytic polio-rhinovirus recombinant (PVSRIPO) has demonstrated promise in currently ongoing phase I/II clinical trials against recurrent glioblastoma and was granted breakthrough therapy designation by the Food and Drug Administration/Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. A reliable clinical assay to document expression of the poliovirus receptor, CD155, in routinely available patient tumor samples is needed for continued clinical development of PVSRIPO oncolytic immunotherapy in primary brain tumors and beyond. Objectives.-To validate a novel anti-CD155 antibody for immunohistochemistry and develop a robust, reliable, and specific protocol for detecting CD155 expression in glioblastoma formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. To characterize the expression of CD155 in human glioblastoma cells as well as to evaluate the influence of CD155 expression levels on tumor cell susceptibility to PVSRIPO infection and killing. Design.-Immunohistochemical staining on glioblastoma FFPE tissue sections and immunoblot of corresponding frozen tissues were performed. Positive controls were confirmed sites of poliovirus propagation, spinal cord anterior horn, and tonsils;negative controls were vascular smooth muscle in patient samples and FFPE sections from a confirmed CD155-negative Burkitt lymphoma line (Raji). Results.-We succeeded in developing a reliable assay to specifically detect CD155 by immunohistochemistry in glioblastoma FFPE sections. Our data suggest widespread, virtually universal expression of CD155 in glioblastoma cells at levels commensurate with susceptibility to PVSRIPO infection and killing. Conclusions.-Anti-CD155 antibody D3G7H achieves monospecific detection of CD155 in immunoblots of tumor homogenates and immunohistochemistry of tumor FFPE sections. Our assay has utility in defining appropriate use of PVSRIPO in oncolytic immunotherapy against malignant glioma and other cancer histotypes.