关键词： tOPV   bOPV   Switch  

摘要： Background: The globally synchronized switch from trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (tOPV) to bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (bOPV) took place in Nigeria on April 18th 2016. The country is divided into six geopolitical zones. This study reports the experiences and lessons learned from the switch process in the six states that make up Nigeria's south-south geopolitical zone. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective review of Nigeria's switch plan and structures used for implementing the tOPV-bOPV switch in the south-south zone. Nigeria's National Polio Emergency Operation Centre (NPEOC) protocols, global guidelines and reports from switch supervisors during the switch were used to provide background information for this study. Quantitative data were derived from reviewing switch monitoring and validation documents as submitted to the NPEOC Results: The switch process took place in all 3078 Health Facilities (HFs) and 123 Local Government Areas (LGAs) that make up the six states in the zone. A total of $ 139,430 was used for this process. The 'healthcare personnel' component received the highest budgetary allocation (59%) followed by the 'logistics' component (18%). Akwa Ibom state was allocated the highest number of healthcare personnel and hence received the most budgetary allocation compared to the six states (total healthcare personnel = 458, total budgetary allocation = $ 17,428). Validation of the switch process revealed that eight HFs in Bayelsa, Cross-River, Edo and Rivers states still possessed tOPV in cold-chain while six HFs in Cross-River and Rivers states had tOPV out of cold-chain but without the 'do not use' sticker. Akwa-Ibom was the only state in the zone to have bOPV and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) available in all its HFs monitored. Conclusion: The Nigerian tOPV-bOPV switch was successful. For future Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) withdrawals, implementation of the switch plan would be more feasible with an earlier dissemination of funds from global dono

摘要： The global effort to eradicate poliomyelitis has reduced the incidence of cases caused by wild poliovirus by more than 99% since its launch in 1988, from 350 000 annual cases in 125 endemic countries to 20 cases in two countries in 2017.1 More than 16 million people who would otherwise have been paralysed by poliovirus infection are today walking, and 80%2 of the world's population lives in regions certified as polio free by WHO.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗,灭活   剂型  

摘要： 目的 比较Ⅰ＋Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（人二倍体细胞）（bOPV）糖丸和液体剂型与Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗（sIPV）联合序贯免疫接种在≥2月龄婴儿中的免疫原性和安全性.方法于2015年9月至2016年6月,采用随机、盲法、单中心、平行对照设计,选择广西柳州市≥2月龄的婴儿为研究对象,将其分为1sIPV＋2bOPV和2sIPV＋1bOPV组,每种序贯免疫程序按bOPV剂型不同再分为糖丸剂型组与液体剂型组,即1sIPV＋2bOPV糖丸组、1sIPV＋2bOPV液体组、2sIPV＋1bOPV糖丸组、2sIPV＋1bOPV液体组,每组100名,按照0、28、56 d的免疫程序,共接种3剂.记录至少接种1剂次受试者（399名）不良反应事件;全程免疫后28 d,采集排除脱落者和违背试验方案者（共350名）血样,采用细胞培养微量中和试验测定抗脊灰病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型中和抗体滴度（GMT）,计算抗体阳转率,并对其进行统计学分析.结果1sIPV＋2bOPV糖丸组、1sIPV＋2bOPV液体组、2sIPV＋1bOPV糖丸组、2sIPV＋1bOPV液体组全部不良反应发生率分别为79%（79/100）、76%（76/100）、80%（79/99）和74%（74/100） （χ2=1.23,P=0.747）;严重不良反应发生率分别为6%（6/100）、5%（5/100）、6%（6/99）和4%（4/100）（χ2=0.57,P=0.903）.全程免疫后,1sIPV＋2bOPV糖丸组、1sIPV＋2bOPV液体组、2sIPV＋1bOPV糖丸组、2sIPV＋1bOPV液体组Ⅰ型脊灰抗体阳转率分别为99%（86/87）、100%（83/83）、99%（87/88）、99%（91/92）（χ2=0.94,P=0.815）,Ⅱ型分别为47%（41/87）、57%（47/83）、80%（70/88）、79%（73/92）（χ2=31.56,P〈0.001）,Ⅲ型分别为100%（87/87）、99%（82/83）、100%（88/88）、99%（91/92）（χ2=2.02,P=0.568）;Ⅰ型脊灰抗体GMT分别为4539.68、6243.43、6819.53、7916.29（F=25.87,P〈0.001）,Ⅱ型分别为12.98、10.54、63.75、84.21（F=8.68,P=0.034）,Ⅲ型分别为1172.55、1416.03、2648.89、3250.75（F=14.50,P=0.002）.结论 相同序贯免疫程序中,bOPV糖丸剂型与液体剂型在≥2月龄的婴儿中均具有良好的安全性和免疫原性;相同剂型不同免疫程序中,2sIPV组较1sIPV组产生更高的血清中和抗体水平,尤其表现在Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型免疫后抗体GMT水平.

关键词： Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   D抗原   标准品  

摘要： 目的制备Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗D抗原国家标准品,并进行协作标定及稳定性检测。方法委托中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所按照国家批准工艺制备分装三价候选国家标准品,并考察其均匀性;组织5家实验室采用统一的D抗原ELISA检测方法对候选标准品协作标定,确定D抗原标示值,并对其稳定性进行初步检测。结果候选标准品分装精度变异系数(CV)为0.21%;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型CV值分别为7.39%、6.21%、7.75%;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型在不同实验室间D抗原含量的CV值分别为4.03%~5.90%、3.48%~4.00%、3.03%~4.53%,抗原含量均一性良好;确定Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型最终标准品效价分别为180、191、243 DU/m L。将标准品于4及-20℃放置4个月,3个血清型的D抗原含量均未发生较大变化;25℃放置约7周时,各血清型D抗原含量才出现下降趋势;37℃放置1周时开始下降,尤以Ⅰ型最为明显。结论制备的候选标准品满足国家生物标准物质的要求,可应用于Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗体外效力检测。

关键词： 脊灰灭活疫苗   批签发   D抗原含量   质量分析  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎（简称脊灰）是由脊灰病毒引起的一种急性肠道传染病,口服脊灰减毒活疫苗（oral poliovirus vaccine,OPV）对控制和消灭脊灰作出了巨大贡献。但OPV使用后有极低的概率引起疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰（vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis,VAPP）和疫苗衍生脊灰病毒（vaccine deri-ved poliovirus，VDPV）

关键词： Lactic acid bacteria   Bacteriocins   Antiviral activity   Herpes virus   Poliovirus  

摘要： Bacteriocins have unusual inhibitory activity, including antiviral properties, and this can be exploited to give alternative applications. Semi-purified bacteriocins of six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from goat milk (two Lactococcus lactis: GLc03 and GLc05, and four Enterococcus durans: GEn09, GEn12, GEn14 and GEn17) were tested for cytotoxicity in Vero cells (50% Cytotoxicity Concentration: CC50), and for their antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus 1 (HVS-1) and poliovirus (PV-1). Semi-purified bacteriocins presented low cytotoxicity, with CC50 varying from 256.2 mu g/mL (GLc05) to 1084.5 mu g/mL (GEn14). CC10 was determined for all isolates (GLc03: 36.9 mu g/mL;GLc05: 51.2 mu g/mL;GEn09: 88.1 mu g/mL;GEn12: 99.9 mu g/mL;GEn14: 275 mu g/mL;and GEn17: 62.2 mu g/mL) and considered for antiviral activity assays. Antiviral activity before virus adsorption was recorded against PV-1 for GLc05 (4.9%), GEn09 (3.4%), GEn12 (24.7%) and GEn17 (23.5%), and against HSV-1 for GEn12 (27.9%), GEn14 (58.7%) and GEn17 (39.2%). Antiviral activity after virus adsorption was identified against PV-1 for GLc05 (32.7%), GEn09 (91.0%), GEn12 (93.7%) and GEn17 (57.2%), and against HSV-1 for GEn17 (71.6%). The results obtained indicate the potential of some bacteriocins, particularly those produced by E. durans strains investigated in the present study, in viral inhibition and their application as new antiviral agents. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ebola outbreak   Guinea   acute flaccid paralysis   vaccination   vaccine-derived poliovirus   vaccines   viruses  

摘要： During the 2014-2015 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea, 13 type 2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) were isolated from 6 polio patients and 7 healthy contacts. To clarify the genetic properties of cVDPVs and their emergence, we combined epidemiologic and virologic data for polio cases in Guinea. Deviation of public health resources to the Ebola outbreak disrupted polio vaccination programs and surveillance activities, which fueled the spread of neurovirulent VDPVs in an area of low vaccination coverage and immunity. Genetic properties of cVDPVs were consistent with their capacity to cause paralytic disease in humans and capacity for sustained person-toperson transmission. Circulation ceased when coverage of oral polio vaccine increased. A polio outbreak in the context of the Ebola virus disease outbreak highlights the need to consider risks for polio emergence and spread during complex emergencies and urges awareness of the challenges in polio surveillance, vaccination, and diagnosis.

关键词： 脑卒中后   磁刺激   经颅直流电刺激   帕金森病   中国康复理论与实践   卒中后抑郁   脊髓灰质炎后综合征   镜像疗法  

摘要： ~~

关键词： 三价脊髓灰质炎   疫苗   强化免疫  

摘要： 目的探讨三价脊髓灰质炎疫苗强化免疫活动效果。方法根据我省卫生厅印发的《三价脊髓灰质炎疫苗强化免疫技术方案》的要求开展相应的工作,并对强化免疫资料进行分析。结果本次脊髓灰质炎疫苗强化免疫活动共登记常住儿童16555人,流动儿童1901人。其中常住儿童实际接种率为98.39%,而流动儿童的实际接种率为95.79%。结论此次三价脊髓灰质炎疫苗强化免疫活动经过有序的组织和开展,并且在经费、宣传、培训等均到位的情况下,促进了强化免疫活动的顺利进行,提高了我市儿童的接种率。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   强化免疫   接种率  

摘要： 目的了解太仓市2013至2018年脊髓灰质炎疫苗强化免疫活动效果,为维持无脊灰状态和消灭脊灰工作进一步开展提供依据。方法在太仓市范围内对适龄儿童进行五次十轮脊髓灰质炎疫苗强化免疫活动。结果历年接种率均达到95%以上,流动"零"剂次儿童接种率也有提高。结论通过强化免疫是提高人群免疫水平的最有效措施。