关键词： Poliomyelitis   Immunity   Solid organ transplantation  

摘要： In the current effort to eliminate polio from the world, it is important to recognize and vaccinate susceptible groups, especially immunocompromised patients living in countries where attenuated polio vaccine is still used. In this report, we describe the frequency of protective antibodies in a small sample of adult SOT candidates in whom previous vaccination could be ascertained. Patients included in this report were selected among the participants of an ongoing prospective study carried out at the Reference Center for Special Immunobiologicals of the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Among the first 100 patients enrolled in this study, only seven adult SOT candidates had proven polio vaccination at childhood. Three of these seven patients (43%) had no protective antibody titers to one or more poliovirus subtype before solid organ transplant. Proven childhood vaccination against polio does not reliably provide lifelong protective antibody titers for adult SOT candidates and should not be used as a criterion to analyze the need for vaccination in this population. (C) 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

关键词： Inactivated polio vaccine   Poliomyelitis   National reference vaccine   Sabin strain   Rat immunogenicity test  

摘要： Slc:Wistar rats have been the only strain used in Japan for purpose of evaluating a national reference vaccine for the Sabin-derived inactivated polio vaccine (sIPV) and the immunogenicity of sIPV-containing products. However, following the discovery that the Slc:Wistar strain was genetically related to the Fischer 344 strain, other "real" Wistar strains, such as Crlj:WI, that are available worldwide were tested in terms of their usefulness in evaluating the immunogenicity of the past and current lots of a national reference vaccine. The response of the Crlj:WI rats against the serotype 1 of sIPV was comparable to that of the Slc:Wistar rats, while the Crlj:WI rats exhibited a higher level of response against the serotypes 2 and 3. The immunogenic potency units of a national reference vaccine determined using the Slc:Wistar rats were reproduced on tests using the Crlj:WI rats. These results indicate that a titer of the neutralizing antibody obtained in response to a given dose of sIPV cannot be directly compared between these two rat strains, but that, more importantly, the potency units are almost equivalent for the two rat strains.

关键词： Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis   Oral poliovirus vaccine   Risk  

摘要： Introduction: Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is one of the most important adverse effects of vaccines that are in current use globally. The Chinese national adverse event following immunization information system (CNAEFIS) is a passive surveillance system which collects data on VAPP. Aims: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of VAPP and estimate the risk of recipient VAPP in China. Methods: We retrieved information from reported cases of recipient VAPP from CNAEFIS from 2010 to 2015, examined the demographic characteristics of the cases, and used administrative data on vaccination doses and the estimated number of births as denominators to calculate VAPP incidence. Results: During 2010-2015, 157 cases of recipient VAPP were reported to CNAEFIS (male-to-female ratio, 8.2:1);151 cases (96.2%) were less than six months old. All cases were associated with trivalent OPV (tOPV), and 89.8% occurred after the receipt of first dose. Of the 157 recipient VAPP cases, type II, type III, and type I poliovirus vaccine strains were isolated from 27 (17.2%), 25 (15.9%), and 16 (10.2%) cases, respectively. One case died and one case recovered completely;the other 155 cases had various physical disabilities, such as monolateral or bilateral limping. Using the administered doses of OPV as the denominator, the incidence of recipient VAPP during the study period was estimated at 0.4 per million doses. The estimated recipient VAPP per million births ranged from 1.0 to 2.4 during 2010-2015. Conclusion: The epidemiological characteristics of recipient VAPP cases in China, such as age distribution, were comparable to those in previous studies from other countries. The risk of recipient VAPP, using either estimated births or vaccination doses, was comparable to that in the US and Japan. We recommend using an inactive poliovirus vaccine to decrease the number of recipient VAPP cases in China. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Poliomyelitis   West Africa   Eradication   Seroprevalence  

摘要： We conducted a serological survey of anti-polio antibodies in polio high-risk areas of Mali, Guinea and Cote d'Ivoire to assess risk of future poliovirus outbreaks. Random community sampling of children 6-11 and 36-48 months-old was conducted;neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus were detected using microneutralization assay. We analysed 1059/1064 (99.5%) of enrolled children. Seroprevalence to poliovirus type 1 (PV1) across all age groups and locations ranged between 92 and 100%, for PV2 it was 77-100%, and 89-95% for PV3. PV2 seroprevalence in the younger age group in Guinea and Cote d'Ivoire was <80%. History of <4 polio vaccine doses and acute malnutrition were associated with seronegativity (OR = 2.1 CI95% = 1.5-3.1, OR = 1.8 CI95% = 1.1-33 respectively). The risk of poliovirus outbreak following importation is low because of high population immunity to PV1, however, due to large cohort of PV2 seronegative children any future detection of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 requires urgent response to arrest rapid spread. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Attitude   Subjective well-being   OPV supplemental immunization  

摘要： Background: Attitude and subjective well-being are important factors in mothers accepting or rejecting Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) supplemental immunization. The purpose of the study was to determine the role of mothers' attitude and subjective wellbeing on non-compliance to OPV supplemental immunization in Northern Nigeria. Methods: The study utilized a cross-sectional design to assess attitude and subjective well-being of mothers using previously validated VACSATC (Vaccine Safety, Attitudes, Training and Communication-10 items) & SUBI (Subjective Well-being Inventory-40 items) measures. A total of 396 participants (equal number of non-compliant and compliant mothers) from 94 non-compliant settlements were interviewed, after informed consent. T-test was run to assess difference in mean scores between the non-compliant and compliant mothers on VACSATC and SUBI measures. Results: The research showed a significant difference in mean scores between the non-compliant and compliant groups on VACSATC measure of mothers' attitude (M = 18.9 non-compliant, compared to 26.5 compliant;p < 0.05). On subjective well-being, the study showed there was no significant difference in the mean scores of the SUBI measure (M = 77.4 non-compliant, compared to 78.0 compliant;p > 0.05). Conclusion: The research has shown that negative attitude is more commonly present in non-compliant mothers and may be a factor in vaccine refusal in Northern Nigeria.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎后综合征   功能限制   有氧运动   体质量   控制  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎后综合征(PPS)患者会出现新发的疲劳、无力、肌肉和关节疼痛,使患者出现行动困难、活动能力降低等功能限制,应引起重视并积极寻找正确的应对方法,同时避免损伤的出现。适当运动量和强度的有氧运动有助于患者保持机体活动水平,但应个体化,避免给肌肉和关节造成负担。体质量控制同样是PPS患者应该关注的问题。PPS专门诊所可以全面评估患者健康状况、功能限制,给出治疗、运动、饮食、辅助器具的具体建议。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   细胞支原体检测   细胞敏感性监测  

摘要： 目的评价新疆维吾尔自治区脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）实验室2014年8月-2017年8月所用细胞系的质量控制情况。方法分别采用聚合酶链反应（Polymerase chain reaction，PCR）法和96孔微量培养板滴定法开展细胞系支原体检测（Cell mycoplasma detection，CMD）和细胞敏感性（Cell sensitivity，CS）监测，评价新疆脊灰实验室使用的人横纹肌肉瘤细胞（Human rhabdomyosarcoma，RD）和转人脊灰病毒受体的小鼠肺细胞系（Mouse cell line expressing the gene for the human cellular receptor for poliovinls，L20B）的污染状况和敏感性。结果新疆脊灰实验室2014年8月-2017年8月使用的RD、L20B细胞系支原体检测均为阴性，两种细胞系的滴度与脊灰实验室质量控制（Laboratory quality control，LQC）株比较均在正常范围（±0．5logCCID50／0．1m1）。结论新疆脊灰实验室细胞系质量控制安全有效，所用细胞系无污染且对脊灰病毒敏感，为新疆急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测及维持无脊灰状态提供了质量保证。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   舆情   传统媒体   自媒体  

摘要： 目的分析新媒体时代下中国脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）疫苗转换活动的舆情特征。方法通过全媒体舆情监测服务商建立舆情监测平台，对3种新传统媒体和4种自媒体进行舆情监测，分析舆情传播走势以及不同媒体类型在舆情传播中的作用。结果中国脊灰疫苗转换期间共监测到相关舆情1971条，新传统媒体发布舆情量839条（42．6％），自媒体发布舆情量1132条（57．4％）；在所有舆情中，网络、报刊分别为581条（29．5％）、250条（12．7％），微信、微博分别为848条（43．0％）、216条（11．O％）。舆情传播共经历两个高峰，第一个高峰是脊灰灭活疫苗纳入国家免疫规划试点工作启动首目和启动后第一周和第二周，舆情量分别为42条和73条，随后迅速减少。第二个高峰是脊灰疫苗转换活动启动前后一周，舆情量分别为70条和261条，随后逐渐减少。结论在中国脊灰疫苗转换期间新传统媒体与自媒体对于舆情传播发挥相近的作用。政府相关部门在开展活动宣传时需发挥新媒体平台的优势。

关键词： MAPREC   脊髓灰质炎病毒   疫苗   荧光标记   突变率  

摘要： 目的:使用荧光标记代替同位素标记,建立定量检测Ⅲ型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒472位U到C突变比例的MAPREC(mutant analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage)法。方法:提取病毒样品RNA,反转录合成c DNA后进行非对称PCR反应以生成单链DNA扩增产物,之后采用荧光标记引物进行扩增,合成双链产物,以突变位点敏感的限制性内切酶作用后电泳分离,并分析样品的突变比例。结果:采用建立的方法对4个国际标准品进行检测,100%DNA突变标准品、IS DNA标准品、LMVR标准品以及HMVR标准品的标示值分别为100%、0.9%、0.7%、1.1%,检测结果分别为95.59%、0.84%、0.68%、1.07%,与其标示值一致性良好,并且不同实验间RSD均小于15%。检测9个批次样品,结果突变率均小于1%,符合WHO要求。结论:初步建立了基于荧光素标记的MAPREC方法,可以代替同位素法进行病毒突变的定量检测。

关键词： 婴儿   脊髓灰质炎/病因学   脊髓灰质炎疫苗,口服/不良反应  

摘要： 目的描述及评价疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰病例(VAPP)的处置措施。方法通过对徐州市1例疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰病例的调查与处置进行分析,开展标本检测、组织鉴定、脊灰疫苗(OPV)接种率调查等措施。结果病例确认为VAPP病例。结论徐州市AFP病例监测敏感,应急处置措施快速有效,达到良好效果。