关键词： Afghanistan   Asia   Biology and life sciences   Cancers and neoplasms   Cell differentiation   Developmental biology   Enteroviruses   Geographical locations   Immunology   Infectious disease control   Infectious diseases   Medical microbiology   Medicine and health sciences   Microbial pathogens   Microbiology   Oncology   Organisms   Pakistan   Pathogens   Pathology and laboratory medicine   People and places   Poliomyelitis   Poliovirus   Preventive medicine   Public and occupational health   Research Article   Rhabdomyosarcoma   RNA viruses   Sarcomas   Vaccination and immunization   Vaccines   Viral diseases   Viral pathogens   Viruses  

摘要： Poliovirus (PV) environmental surveillance (ES) plays an important role in the global eradication program and is crucial for monitoring silent PV circulation especially as clinical cases decrease. This study compared ES results using the novel bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) with the current two-phase separation method. From February to November 2016, BMFS and two-phase samples were collected concurrently from twelve sites in Pakistan (n = 117). Detection was higher in BMFS than two-phase samples for each Sabin-like (SL) PV serotype (p<0.001) and wild PV type 1 (WPV1) (p = 0.065). Seventeen sampling events were positive for WPV1, with eight discordant in favor of BMFS and two in favor of two-phase. A vaccine-derived PV type 2 was detected in one BMFS sample but not the matched two-phase. After the removal of SL PV type 2 (SL2) from the oral polio vaccine in April 2016, BMFS samples detected SL2 more frequently than two-phase (p = 0.016), with the last detection by either method occurring June 12, 2016. More frequent PV detection in BMFS compared to two-phase samples is likely due to the greater effective volume assayed (1620 mL vs. 150 mL). This study demonstrated that the BMFS achieves enhanced ES for all PV serotypes in an endemic country.

摘要： BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with recurrent World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV malignant glioma is dismal, and there is currently no effective therapy. We conducted a dose-finding and toxicity study in this population of patients, evaluating convectionenhanced, intratumoral delivery of the recombinant nonpathogenic polio-rhinovirus chimera (PVSRIPO). PVSRIPO recognizes the poliovirus receptor CD155, which is widely expressed in neoplastic cells of solid tumors and in major components of the tumor microenvironment. METHODS We enrolled consecutive adult patients who had recurrent supratentorial WHO grade IV malignant glioma, confirmed on histopathological testing, with measurable disease (contrast-enhancing tumor of = 1 cm and = 5.5 cm in the greatest dimension). The study evaluated seven doses, ranging between 10(7) and 10(10) 50% tissue-culture infectious doses (TCID50), first in a dose-escalation phase and then in a dose-expansion phase. RESULTS From May 2012 through May 2017, a total of 61 patients were enrolled and received a dose of PVSRIPO. Dose level -1 (5.0x10(7) TCID50) was identified as the phase 2 dose. One dose-limiting toxic effect was observed;a patient in whom dose level 5 (10(10) TCID50) was administered had a grade 4 intracranial hemorrhage immediately after the catheter was removed. To mitigate locoregional inflammation of the infused tumor with prolonged glucocorticoid use, dose level 5 was de-escalated to reach the phase 2 dose. In the dose-expansion phase, 19% of the patients had a PVSRIPO-related adverse event of grade 3 or higher. Overall survival among the patients who received PVSRIPO reached a plateau of 21% (95% confidence interval, 11 to 33) at 24 months that was sustained at 36 months. CONCLUSIONS Intratumoral infusion of PVSRIPO in patients with recurrent WHO grade IV malignant glioma confirmed the absence of neurovirulent potential. The survival rate among patients who received PVSRIPO immunotherapy was higher at 24 and 36

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   肿瘤患者   疫苗治疗   生存率   改良   脑   对照组   生存期  

摘要： 近日，一项美国研究表明，晚期脑肿瘤患者使用改良的脊髓灰质炎疫苗治疗或可提高生存率。研究发现，使用改良脊髓灰质炎疫苗者的中位总体生存期为12．5个月，而对照组为11．3个月。使用改良脊髓灰质炎疫苗者24个月的总体存活率为21％，对照组为14％。

关键词： b型流感嗜血杆菌   疫苗治疗   Lancet   有效性   侵袭性   疾病发病率   脊髓灰质炎病毒   Hib疫苗  

摘要： 2016年,荷兰报告该国5岁以下儿童患侵袭性b型流感嗜血杆菌（b,Hib）疾病的发病率升高。自2011年开始,荷兰引入了六价白喉、破伤风和无细胞百日咳–乙型肝炎病毒–灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒/Hib疫苗（DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib）。2018年7月刊载了一项研究,旨在评估该六价疫苗的有效性,以进一步判断侵袭性Hib疾病发病率的增加是否与该疫苗的有效性降低有关系。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   疫苗   灭活   减毒   免疫活性   序贯程序  

摘要： 目的在消灭脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)后期,分析用Sabin株脊灰灭活疫苗(IPV)替代首剂脊灰减毒活疫苗(OPV)的"1剂Sabin株IPV+3剂OPV序贯程序"的有效性、安全性。方法采用描述流行病学方法,对梅州市2008—2017年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例、2015年12月—2017年11月Sabin株IPV替代首剂OPV免疫后疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)病例监测结果进行分析。结果免疫策略调整前8年梅州市发生4例疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP),发病率为0.21/10万。Sabin株IPV替代首剂OPV后,可获得较好的脊灰中和抗体保护率,2年未发生VAPP、疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(VDPV)病例。主动、被动监测结果显示,AEFI发生率分别为542.51/10万、65.52/10万,以一般反应为主,异常反应发生率和同期接种的第一、二类疫苗性差异无统计学意义。结论梅州市采用"1剂次Sabin株IPV+3剂次OPV"的序贯免疫程序2年来,保持高水平脊灰免疫屏障,消除脊灰野毒株传入的风险,并且防止了VAPP、VDPV病例的发生。

关键词： 柯萨奇病毒A组   疱疹性咽峡炎   序列分析   临床表现   脊髓灰质炎病毒   B亚型   小RNA病毒科   4型  

摘要： 人类肠道病毒（enteroviruses，EV）是小RNA病毒科的一个属，目前有100多种血清型。EV主要包括脊髓灰质炎病毒、柯萨奇病毒（coxsackievirus，CV）、Echo病毒和新型EV，可导致手足口病（hand，foot，and mouth disease，HFMD）、无菌性脑膜炎、脑炎、脊髓灰质炎、疱疹性咽峡炎等多种疾病。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   晚期脑瘤   生存率   复发性胶质瘤   医学杂志   癌症研究所   病毒疗法   基因重组  

摘要： 6月26日，《新英格兰医学杂志（NEJM）》发布一篇论文报告，美国杜克大学癌症研究所开发的基因重组脊髓灰质炎病毒疗法（PVSRlPO），显著改善了复发性胶质瘤患者的长期生存。这项医学新进展，也在6月26日挪威举行的第22届脑肿瘤研究与治疗国际会议上同步发布。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   免疫策略   认知及态度  

摘要： 目的了解首剂脊灰活疫苗(IPV)纳入免疫规划后儿童家长的认知及态度,为制定脊灰疫苗免疫策略调整后的实施措施提供参考。方法对2016年7—12月白云街道社区卫生服务中心预防接种门诊接种脊灰疫苗儿童的家长开展问卷调查,并对在此期间参加妈妈班的家长进行个案访谈。结果本次共调查了532人,95.86%的家长知道脊灰减毒活疫苗(糖丸),76.88%认为糖丸是不安全的疫苗,21.43%的家长知道首剂IPV纳入免疫规划政策,16.73%的家长知道2价脊灰与糖丸的区别,81.39%的家长愿意按IPV+b OPV程序接种。多数家长表示赞同首针接种IPV的免疫策略。结论首剂IPV纳入免疫规划后多数家长不了解首针接种脊灰灭活疫苗的免疫策略及其意义,担心疫苗安全问题,建议进一步加强脊灰转换策略相关知识的宣传工作。

关键词： 脊灰疫苗相关病例   监测   诊断  

摘要： 目的通过对菏泽市1例临床符合脊髓灰质炎(简称"脊灰")疫苗相关病例的监测、诊断进行分析,探讨脊灰疫苗相关病例的诊断标准及减少脊灰疫苗相关病例发生的策略。方法根据该病例的急性驰缓性麻痹(AFP)专病管理系统资料、个案调查资料、预防接种相关资料、临床诊断治疗资料和脊灰实验室病毒检测结果等资料进行分析研究。结果依据WS294-2016《脊髓灰质炎诊断标准》,以及山东省处置类似病例的意见,菏泽市朱某的最终诊断为临床符合脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关病例。结论现行的脊灰诊断标准仍需完善,应严格把握I+Ⅲ型脊灰减毒活疫苗接种禁忌症,进一步完善消灭脊灰免疫策略,减少脊灰疫苗相关病例的发生。