关键词： VDPV病例   应急处置  

摘要： 目的:总结宝应县发现的1例VDPV病例卫生应急处置情况.方法:启动1V级脊灰相关事件的应急响应,开展流行病学调查、标本采集和检测、脊灰疫苗接种率评估、急性弛缓性麻痹病例主动搜索、应急接种等工作.结果:病例免疫水平低下,检出脊灰病毒Ⅲ型阳性,经治疗和隔离医学观察痊愈,人群脊灰疫苗各剂次接种率均在99％以上,人群脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率均在95％以上,AFP检测敏感度高,无漏报现象,脊灰疫苗查漏补种率达94％以上.结论:采取的应急处置措施快速、有效,未发现形成VDPV循环,应急响应终止.

关键词： POLIO -- Prevention   POLIOMYELITIS vaccine   PUBLIC health   WORLD Health Assembly  

摘要： Substantial progress has been made since the World Health Assembly (WHA) resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis in 1988 (1). Among the three wild poliovirus (WPV) types, type 2 (WPV2) was declared eradicated in 2015, and type 3 (WPV3) has not been reported since 2012 (1). In 2017 and 2018, only Afghanistan and Pakistan have reported WPV type 1 (WPV1) transmission (1). When global eradication of poliomyelitis is achieved, facilities retaining poliovirus materials need to minimize the risk for reintroduction of poliovirus into communities and reestablishment of transmission. Poliovirus containment includes biorisk management requirements for laboratories, vaccine production sites, and other facilities that retain polioviruses after eradication; the initial milestones are for containment of type 2 polioviruses (PV2s). At the 71st WHA in 2018, World Health Organization (WHO) Member States adopted a resolution urging acceleration of poliovirus containment activities globally, including establishment by the end of 2018 of national authorities for containment (NACs) to oversee poliovirus containment (2). This report summarizes containment progress since the previous report (3) and outlines remaining challenges. As of August 2018, 29 countries had designated 81 facilities to retain PV2 materials; 22 of these countries had established NACs. Although there has been substantial progress, intensification of containment measures is needed.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   疫苗   特点   应用现状  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎又称小儿麻痹症,其病原体是肠道脊髓灰质炎病毒,主要经污染的食物、生活用品等通过粪—口途径传播。小儿麻痹症好发于1~5岁儿童,大多数为隐性感染,只有少数感染者因病毒损害脊髓前角运动神经元细胞导致肢体肌肉弛缓性麻痹。1954年脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine,IPV)首次出现,1960年脊髓灰质炎口服活疫苗(Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine,OPV)研制成功,我国自1962年使用OPV减毒活疫苗以来,脊髓灰质炎在我国的传播及其发病率得到了有效的控制。但近些年仍有相关脊髓灰质炎野病毒传播的报道,河北省于2016年5月开始实行IPV+OPV的免疫策略,现将脊灰疫苗的相关内容进行简述。

关键词： 预防接种   无细胞百日咳-白喉-破伤风联合疫苗   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   偶合症   间质性肺炎   死亡  

摘要： 目的总结接种疫苗后出现疑似预防接种异常反应(Adverse Event Following Immunization,AEFI)尤其是死亡病例的处置经验,为科学有效地应对预防接种突发事件提供参考。方法对一起婴儿接种无细胞百白破疫苗和脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗后偶合死亡的事件进行调查、诊断和处置。结果预防接种异常反应调查诊断小组诊断为:由于间质性肺炎引起缺氧导致急性呼吸衰竭而死亡,不属于预防接种异常反应,属于偶合症。结论应强调规范接种,尽量减少预防接种不良反应事件的发生。出现预防接种异常反应后及时处置,但不能单纯考虑预防接种不良反应的发生,也应考虑偶合其他疾病,从而减少由于偶合其他疾病给预防接种带来的负面影响。

关键词： DTaP—sIPV   吸附率   疫苗效价   抗百日咳毒素抗体   抗丝状血凝素抗体   抗百日   咳粘着素抗体   抗白喉类毒素抗体   抗破伤风类毒素抗体  

摘要： 目的 研究不同氢氧化铝佐剂含量、两种吸附方式以及不同厂家氢氧化铝佐剂对无细胞百白破-Sabin株脊髓灰质炎联合疫苗（DTaP-sIPV）免疫效果的影响.方法 用0.42 mg/ml、0.47 mg/ml、0.52 mg/ml终浓度的铝吸附相同剂量的百白破5种抗原,用顺序吸附和分别吸附两种方式吸附抗原,使用进口和自制氢氧化铝,比较各抗原的吸附率、各抗原抗体水平以及百日咳、破伤风、白喉疫苗效价.结果 0.52 mg/ml铝含量组吸附率最高,0.42 mg/ml铝含量组吸附率最低;顺序吸附和分别吸附两种吸附方式没有明显差异;使用进口氢氧化铝佐剂和自制氢氧化铝佐剂组分抗体反应各有不同,差异无统计学意义.结论 0.52 mg/ml铝含量、自制氢氧化铝佐剂和分别吸附的方式适用于DTaP-sIPV疫苗的制备.

关键词： 疑似预防接种异常反应   偶合症   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗  

摘要： 2016年3月,杭州市萧山区发生一起婴儿接种脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)后猝死事件,引起公众对疫苗安全性的质疑。浙江省、杭州市和萧山区疾病预防控制中心成立专项调查小组,联合萧山区公安、民政、药监和司法等部门,对死婴接种场所、居住场所、就诊医院及相关人员进行调查访视,对尸体进行法医病理学检验和病原体检测。5月17日,杭州市疑似预防接种异常反应调查诊断专家组判定死者死因为间质性肺炎,与OPV接种无关,属于偶合症。本文报道该起猝死案例的处置经历,为类似疑似预防接种异常反应的处置提供经验。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   疑似预防接种异常反应   安全性   青岛市  

摘要： 目的二价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(bivalent oral poliomyelitis attenuated live vaccine,bOPV)在我国首次使用,本研究旨在比较bOPV和三价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(trivalent oral poliomyelitis attenuated live vaccine,tOPV)及脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(inactivated poliovirus vaccine,IPV)疑似预防接种异常反应(adverse events following immunization,AEFI)发生率,评价bOPV安全性。方法通过中国和山东省免疫规划信息管理系统收集青岛市2015-05-01-2017-05-01脊髓灰质炎疫苗和所有疫苗AEFI发生例数和疫苗接种剂次,计算AEFI发生率。结果青岛市bOPV的AEFI报告发生率为21.35/10万剂次,IPV报告发生率为31.75/10万剂次,全部疫苗报告发生率为51.67/10万剂次,tOPV报告发生率为12.71/10万剂次。bOPV和tOPV报告发生率比较,χ~2=5.659 6,P=0.017 4,bOPV和IPV报告发生率比较,χ~2=7.296 7,P=0.006 9,bOPV和全部疫苗报告发生率比较,χ~2=60.993 8,P<0.001。结论 bOPV的AEFI发生率高于tOPV,低于IPV和全部疫苗,安全性有保障。

关键词： 小儿麻痹症   脊髓灰质炎病毒   良方   中枢神经症状   急性传染病   消化道症状   脊髓炎   呼吸道  

摘要： 小儿麻痹症亦称脊髓灰质炎（简称脊髓炎），是由脊髓灰质炎病毒引起的急性传染病；以发热、有呼吸道及消化道症状，继而发生中枢神经症状及分布不规则的迟缓性瘫痪为特征。

关键词： multiplex analysis   Poliovirus surveillance   Reversion   Virus shedding   Mucosal immunity  

摘要： An improved quantitative multiplex one-step RT-PCR (qmosRT-PCR) for simultaneous identification and quantitation of all three serotypes of poliovirus is described. It is based on using serotype-specific primers and fluorescent TaqMan oligonucleotide probes. The assay can be used for high-throughput screening of samples for the presence of poliovirus, poliovirus surveillance and for evaluation of virus shedding by vaccine recipients in clinical trials to assess mucosal immunity. It could replace conventional methods based on cell culture virus isolation followed by serotyping. The assay takes only few hours, and was found to be simple, specific, sensitive and has large quantitative linearity range. In addition, the method could be used as readout in PCR-based poliovirus titration and neutralization assays.

关键词： Newcastle disease virus   eradication   immunization   poliovirus   vectored vaccine  

摘要： The poliovirus eradication initiative has spawned global immunization infrastructure and dramatically decreased the prevalence of the disease, yet the original virus eradication goal has not been met. The suboptimal properties of the existing vaccines are among the major reasons why the program has repeatedly missed eradication deadlines. Oral live poliovirus vaccine (OPV), while affordable and effective, occasionally causes the disease in the primary recipients, and the attenuated viruses rapidly regain virulence and can cause poliomyelitis outbreaks. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is safe but expensive and does not induce the mucosal immunity necessary to interrupt virus transmission. While the need for a better vaccine is widely recognized, current efforts are focused largely on improvements to the OPV or IPV, which are still beset by the fundamental drawbacks of the original products. Here we demonstrate a different design of an antipoliovirus vaccine based on in situ production of virus-like particles (VLPs). The poliovirus capsid protein precursor, together with a protease required for its processing, are expressed from a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vector, a negative-strand RNA virus with mucosal tropism. In this system, poliovirus VLPs are produced in the cells of vaccine recipients and are presented to their immune systems in the context of active replication of NDV, which serves as a natural adjuvant. Intranasal administration of the vectored vaccine to guinea pigs induced strong neutralizing systemic and mucosal antibody responses. Thus, the vectored poliovirus vaccine combines the affordability and efficiency of a live vaccine with absolute safety, since no full-length poliovirus genome is present at any stage of the vaccine life cycle. IMPORTANCE A new, safe, and effective vaccine against poliovirus is urgently needed not only to complete the eradication of the virus but also to be used in the future to prevent possible virus reemergence in a po