关键词： GAP III   AFP surveillance   Poliovirus infectious materials   Polio eradication  

摘要： BackgroundThe containment of poliovirus infectious/potentially infectious materials in all biomedical facilities in Nigeria remain crucial to maintaining gains recorded towards polio eradication. Activities involved in the Nigerian Poliovirus type 2-laboratory containment survey in line with the 3rd Global Action Plan III (GAP III) for poliovirus containment are documented in this study. Through these activities, the overall preparedness for poliovirus eradication in Nigeria is *** cross-sectional survey was conducted from 19th September-31st October 2016 using structured Laboratory survey and inventory (LSI) questionnaires uploaded onto the SPSS software package in 560 biomedical facilities classified either as high risk or medium risk facilities across the 6 zones in *** total, 560 biomedical facilities were surveyed in Nigeria in conformity with the GAP III. In total, 86% of the facilities surveyed were with laboratories while 14% were without *** laboratories with poliovirus potentially infectious materials were identified in this exercise. In total, 50% of the 12 laboratories were under the ministry of education for research purposes. While 33% were among those laboratories surveyed in the phase 1a exercise without any recorded inventory, but have acquired some since the phase 1a survey.A total of 13,484 poliovirus infectious materials were found in the 12 laboratories. Only 8% of the materials were immediately destroyed while the remaining materials (62%) were found in Oyo and Borno states scheduled for destruction within 3-4months according to WHO protocol for destruction of poliovirus infectious *** study has revealed the successful containment of all poliovirus infectious materials in the laboratories surveyed. It has also revealed some surveillance gaps. We recommend that the surveillance system be improved to maintain the gains from the containment exercise and avoid reintroduction of infecti

关键词： Laboratory   Containment   Poliovirus   Biosafety   Potentially infectious material   Survey   Inventory   Eradication  

摘要： BackgroundThe Global Commission for the Certification of the Eradication of Poliomyelitis will declare the world free of wild poliovirus transmission when no wild virus has been found in at least 3 consecutive years, and all laboratories possessing wild poliovirus materials have adopted appropriate measures of containment. Nigeria has made progress towards poliomyelitis eradication with the latest reported WPV type 1 on 21 Aug 2016 after 2years without any case. This milestone achievement was followed by an inventory of biomedical laboratories completed in November 2015 with the destruction of all identified infectious materials. This paper seeks to describe the poliovirus laboratory containment process in Nigeria on which an effective containment system has been built to minimize the risk of virus re-introduction into the population from the *** national survey of all biomedical facilities, as well as an inventory of laboratories from various sectors, was conducted from June-November 2015. National Task Force (NTF) members and staff working on polio administered an on-site questionnaire in each facility. Laboratory personnel were sensitized with all un-needed materials destroyed by autoclaving and incineration. All stakeholders were also sensitized to continue the destruction of such materials as a requirement for phase one *** total of 20,638 biomedical facilities were surveyed with 9575 having laboratories. Thirty laboratories were found to contain poliovirus or potentially infectious materials. The 30 laboratories belonged to the ministries of health, education, defence and private *** article is amongst the first in Africa that relates poliovirus laboratory containment in the context of the tOPV-bOPV switch in alignment with the Global Action Plan III. All identified infectious materials were destroyed and personnel trained to continue to destroy subsequent materials, a process that needs meticulous mo

关键词： 百日咳   白喉   破伤风   脊髓灰质炎   b型流感嗜血杆菌   接种部位   安全性  

摘要： 目的评价两种部位接种吸附无细胞百白破、灭活脊髓灰质炎和b型流感嗜血杆菌(结合)联合疫苗(简称五联疫苗)的安全性。方法上海市奉贤区各预防接种门诊采用逢单月经大腿前外侧肌接种,双月经上臂三角肌接种的原则,在受种者监护人知情同意下,收集2015年1月1日~2017年6月30日期间婴幼儿接种五联疫苗后的安全性相关资料,分析不同接种部位的不良反应发生情况。结果共收集调查接种五联疫苗婴幼儿2 928人,接种7 243剂次,累计发生不良反应1 186人次,不良反应发生率为16. 37%。大腿前外侧肌接种的不良反应发生率(10. 80%)明显低于上臂三角肌(23. 89%),且差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05),其中局部反应、全身反应的轻、中、重度症状发生率也均明显低于上臂三角肌(P <0. 05)。两种不同部位接种第1剂次疫苗后不良反应的发生率均明显高于其他剂次(P <0. 05)。结论两种不同部位接种五联疫苗引起不良反应的发生率较低,均具有良好的安全性,大腿前外侧肌接种相对更安全,是五联疫苗的首选接种部位。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗  

摘要： 自1988年世界卫生大会发起"全球消灭脊髓灰质炎行动"倡议以来,全球脊髓灰质炎发病率已减少了99%以上。如今,全球已进入了后脊灰时代。2013年世界卫生组织制定了《消灭脊髓灰质炎最后阶段战略计划(2013-2018)》,以彻底消灭脊髓灰质炎。由于接种脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)的人群中有可能会出现罕见的疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎(VAPP)病例和疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒(VDPV)相关病例。因此,彻底消灭脊髓灰质炎的重要途径是研制出有效的疫苗。脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(IPV)能避免OPV使用过程中出现的VAPP和VDPV循环(cVDPVs)事件的发生,适用人群较广泛。然而,不同国家的脊髓灰质炎疫苗种类和使用程序不尽相同,本文对脊髓灰质炎流行现状及疫苗免疫策略进展情况进行简述,以期为终结脊髓灰质炎提供理论参考。

关键词： 病毒性心肌炎   儿童   柯萨奇B组病毒   脊髓灰质炎病毒   致死性心律失常   副流感病毒   预后   微小核糖核酸  

摘要： 儿童病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis,VMC)是病毒侵犯心肌,引起心肌细胞变性、坏死和间质炎症改变的一种疾病[1]。过去认为,肠道病毒和呼吸道病毒是其主要病原,其中以微小核糖核酸病毒群最具亲心性,特别是柯萨奇B组病毒引起的心肌炎最多见,其次为埃可病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、流感病毒、副流感病毒、鼻病毒、EB病毒等[1-2]。而最近研究显示,病毒种类正发生转变,尤其是细小病毒19(BVP19)和人类疱疹病毒-6(HHV-6)变得更为常见[3]。儿童病毒性心肌炎临床症状多种多样,轻症者仅表现为流感样症状、轻微胸痛,而重症患者可出现心源性休克或致死性心律失常,甚至猝死。统计显示,婴儿和儿童心肌炎的病死率可能高达75%和25%[4]。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   胶质母细胞瘤   生存率   患者   改良   CD155   肿瘤微环境   毒性试验  

摘要： 1项工期临床剂量探索与毒性试验招募了61例晚期恶性脑癌患者,接受基于脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗的免疫疗法,20%患者3年后仍存活,而标准治疗的3年生存率为4%。该疫苗包含非致病i生脊灰一鼻病毒嵌合体,可识别很多实体瘤中超表达的脊灰病毒受体CD155,可在注入肿瘤微环境后激发免疫应答。

关键词： 实时荧光定量RT-PCR   脊髓灰质炎病毒   型内鉴定  

摘要： 目的应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR(rRT-PCR)对脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV)进行型内鉴定(ITD)及基因型鉴定。方法以PV衣壳蛋白(Capsid Protein)VP1编码区基因序列为目标,设计并合成引物和Taqman探针,建立实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测体系,对WHO发放的PV株和实验室分离的PV株进行型内鉴定(ITD)和疫苗衍生PV株(VDPV)筛选。结果 10份WHO考核标本经ITD试验结果和ITD筛查后的5份苗类似株(SL)VDPV实验结果,经WHO验证完全符合;青海省脊髓灰质炎(下称脊灰)实验室2017年在健康儿童中分离获得2株PV,经ITD和VDPV,结果为SL1。毒株经国家脊灰实验室验证,与上报结果完全符合。结论 rRT-PCR方法操作简便、快速,特异敏感,适用于PV的型内鉴定及其感染的实验室诊断。

关键词： 篮式生物反应器   Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒   病毒培养   Vero细胞  

摘要： 目的建立篮式生物反应器培养Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒的工艺。方法对细胞接种密度、载体装量、培养基种类、病毒培养温度、pH、MOI等培养条件进行优化,通过测定葡萄糖消耗量、病毒滴度、宿主细胞蛋白(host cell protein,HCP)残留量,分析并确定脊髓灰质炎病毒的最适培养工艺参数。结果载体装量400~600 g,细胞接种密度1×10^6个/mL时,葡萄糖消耗量最大,平台期持续2~3 d,此时细胞接种病毒最佳。以0. 01~0. 3 MOI接种Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒,采用199培养基于(33±0. 5)℃,pH 7. 4~7. 6条件下培养时,病毒滴度最高,HCP残留量较低,为最适培养工艺。结论初步建立了基于篮式生物反应器的脊髓灰质炎病毒高效制备工艺。

摘要： BACKGROUND Wild-type poliovirus may be eradicated soon and under WHO GAPIII guidance, laboratory use will be discontinued or subject to strict containment. Per US Code of Federal Regulations, however, immunoglobulin lot release testing will still require use of replicating poliovirus. The suitability of S19 hyper-attenuated and apathogenic poliovirus strains as alternatives to the currently used wild-type virus in such a release assay was investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS S19 poliovirus strains were propagated in a commercial setting using good virological practices and maintenance of the S19 hyper-attenuated genotype was confirmed by massively parallel sequencing. RESULTS The attenuated phenotype of the produced S19 stocks was confirmed in a highly sensitive mouse-model. Equivalency in performance was seen in the lot release assay for the S19 and wild-type polioviruses. CONCLUSION The deployment of such hyper-attenuated and thoroughly characterized S19 stocks in these and other essential activities might reconcile final containment measures with continued safe use of poliovirus.

关键词： Enteroviruses   Poliovirus   Environmental surveillance   Sewage   Italy  

摘要： Within the initiatives for poliomyelitis eradication by WHO, Italy activated an environmental surveillance (ES) in 2005. ES complements clinical Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases, detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage, and is used to monitor transmission in communities. In addition to polioviruses, the analyses comprised: (i) the monitoring of the presence of non-polio enteroviruses in sewage samples and (ii) the temporal and geographical distribution of the detected viruses. From 2009 to 2015, 2880 sewage samples were collected from eight cities participating in the surveillance. Overall, 1479 samples resulted positive for enteroviruses. No wild-type polioviruses were found, although four Sabin-like polioviruses were detected. The low degree of mutation found in the genomes of these four isolates suggests that these viruses have had a limited circulation in the population. All non-polio enteroviruses belonged to species B and the most frequent serotype was CV-B5, followed by CV-B4, E-11, E-6, E-7, CV-B3, and CV-B2. Variations in the frequency of different serotypes were also observed in different seasons and/or Italian areas. Environmental surveillance in Italy, as part of the WHO global polio eradication program', is a powerful tool to augment the polio surveillance and to investigate the silent circulation or the re-emergence of enteroviruses in the population.